Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this study we investigated cognitive style in depressed inpatients, psychiatric control subjects with and without secondary depression, and nonpsychiatric control subjects with particular emphasis on cognitive patterns and their relationship to endogenous and reactive components of depression. Depressed and psychiatric control subjects were inpatients on acute care psychiatric units at three general hospitals. The nonpsychiatric control subjects were hospital employees. The inpatient sample was selected on the basis of DSM-III diagnosis and Beck Depression Inventory scores. Endogenous and reactive components of depression were assessed by the Endogenous-Reactive Checklist and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Attitudes and attributions were measured by the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the Attribution Questionnaire. Depressed patients endorsed significantly more dysfunctional attitudes than did nondepressed psychiatric control subjects and nonpsychiatric control subjects. Depressed and psychiatric control subjects also made more global attributions for certain kinds of undesirable events than did nonpsychiatric control subjects; stability and internality of attributions did not differ among groups. Further, more endogenous depression was associated with more dysfunctional attitudes, whereas the more reactive the depression, the more internal, global, and stable the attributions. Our findings suggest that dysfunctional attitudes are characteristic of at least some depressive mood states, particularly those high in endogenous symptoms, whereas it remains unclear whether certain attributions are characteristic of general psychopathology or, in the case of internal attributions, are so specific to reactive depressions that group differences are minimized.
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PMID:Cognitive processes and their relationship to endogenous and reactive components of depression. 234 88

Forty patients with migraine who were attending a specialist clinic were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--Lifetime version. Sixteen (40%) had a history of major depression which was of endogenous type in 15, according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. The tyramine test, a previously established trait marker for endogenous depression, showed that the migraine group as a whole had significantly low values compared with 14 normal controls, due almost entirely to low values in the endogenous depressive subgroup; there were no differences between diet-sensitive and non-diet-sensitive migraine patients. Thus depression in patients with migraine seems unlikely to be secondary to migraine per se. A substantial subgroup of patients with migraine may possess an inherent predisposition to endogenous depression.
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PMID:High incidence of endogenous depression in migraine: confirmation by tyramine test. 239 20

We have investigated platelet [3H]imipramine binding in normal controls and patients with primary endogenous depression (unipolar and bipolar) or schizophrenia. Absolute Bmax values did not differ between subgroups. However, when circannual variation of binding was taken into account by expressing results as percentages of normalised values derived from the multiple linear regression of Bmax values as a function of time of sampling, schizophrenic patients were found to have higher Bmax than normal controls. There was no significant difference between depressed patients and controls, nor between patients exhibiting plasma cortisol suppression and non-suppression after the dexamethasone suppression test. A significant negative correlation was found between relative Bmax values and cerebrospinal 5-HIAA levels in depressed patients.
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PMID:Tritiated imipramine binding sites in affective disorders and schizophrenia. Influence of circannual variation. 244 Sep 32

Absence of sneezing or inability to sneeze was found in 2.6% of psychiatric patients, although only half complained of the symptom spontaneously. This was the most frequent of a triad of features, the others being infrequent attacks, of coryza and light-headedness. Endogenous depression was the commonest psychiatric diagnosis, followed by schizophrenia, but 'asneezics' differed significantly from controls in their diagnostic distribution; they also tended to be older, poorer, and less educated. The course and outcome of the asneezic triad ran almost parallel to those of the primary psychiatric illness.
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PMID:'Asneezia'--some further observations. 231 38

Rorschach test was performed in 20 schizophrenics and 20 patients with endogenous depression. The results were interpreted according to Piotrowski system by using the computer elaboration of data. At least a half of schizophrenics showed abnormal values of following: index alpha indexes (impairment of external and internal activity), %D (analytic, practical thinking) %H + Hd (attitude toward people), %F + p (correctness of thinking). The comparison with the endogenous depression group revealed however only the %F + p significant difference between both groups of patients (values in depressed patients were within normal range). The comparison of schizophrenia and depression group regarding other results of the test their configuration showed more often answers of anatomic and sexual content, more often popular answers, and larger number of introverts in the group of schizophrenia. In the depressive group larger was the number of refusal to answer after presentation of some test tables. The results confirm several abnormalities in various indexes in Rorschach test psychogram among patients with schizophrenia. At the same time they shake the opinion of relative diagnostic specificity of the test because several similar abnormalities were found in patients with endogenous depression.
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PMID:[The Rorschach test in the diagnosis of schizophrenia]. 263 Nov 29

In order to investigate whether diurnal variations of mood (DV) are pathognomonic for the diagnosis of endogenous depression, 130 patients and 21 healthy control subjects were examined. The patients differed in the type of primary disease (neurotic, endogenous depression, depression in schizophrenia). All subjects recorded their subjective mood on the Visual Analogue Scale every morning and evening over a period of 3 weeks. In addition, they were classified by expert rating according to clinical criteria as belonging to one of the three different groups of rhythmic type: morning type, evening type, indifference type. The results reveal that DV occur frequently but that they are nonspecific. No correlation between nosological diagnosis and rhythmic type was found. It follows that DV, therefore, cannot improve sample homogeneity in studies on psychoactive drugs.
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PMID:Diurnal variations of mood in psychiatric patients of different nosological groups. 276 84

3H-imipramine binding to platelet membranes, Bmax and KD, was measured in depressed patients, who were divided into endogenous and non-endogenous depression according to three different criteria, the ICD-9, the Newcastle I and the Newcastle II rating scales. Two groups served as controls, a group of healthy volunteers and a group of psychiatric patients suffering from schizophrenia or senile dementia. No significant differences were found in either Bmax or in KD among the different groups of patients and the control groups.
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PMID:Imipramine binding in depressive patients diagnosed according to different criteria. 285 19

The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has been used in psychiatric pathology for about 10 years. Carroll et al. consider this test to be specific of endogenous depression. According to these, and many other authors, approximately 55% of patients with endogenous depression show a positive response to the test, whereas a positive response is observed in only 4% of normal subjects or patients with psychiatric disorders other than major depressive disorders. The DST was performed in 162 psychiatric inpatients (5 with organic disease, 28 with schizophrenic disorders, 17 with major affective disorders, 5 with obsessive compulsive disorders, 103 with dysthymic disorders and 4 unclassified). Dexamethasone (1 mg) was administered orally at 11 p.m., and plasma cortisol concentration was measured the following day at 16 p.m. Response to the test was positive in 53% of patients with major affective disorders, 25% of those with schizophrenic disorders, 60% with obsessive compulsive disorders and 18% with dysthymic disorders. There was no statistical difference in the results according to age, sex ratio, family history of depression or duration of the disorders. Only two variables were close to the P less than 0.05 level of statistical significance: severity of the disorders and early morning awakening. DST sensitivity, therefore, would appear to be about 50% in major affective disorders, but this test is not specific as it may also be positive in other psychiatric disorders. A positive dexamethasone suppression test may be regarded as a sign of severity of psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:[Dexamethasone suppression test in psychiatric pathology]. 295 93

Diazepam-binding inhibitor is a novel peptide purified to homogeneity from rat and human brain. Diazepam-binding inhibitor is present, though not exclusively, in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-containing neurons where it is believed to inhibit GABAergic neurotransmission mediated by GABA by binding to the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor complex. Since an impairment of central GABAergic tone has been postulated to be associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, we measured human diazepam-binding inhibitor immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients suffering from endogenous depression, schizophrenia, and dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Patients with major depression had significantly higher concentrations of human diazepam-binding inhibitor immunoreactivity in CSF when compared with age- and sex-matched normal volunteers, while no difference in CSF diazepam-binding inhibitor immunoreactivity was found in schizophrenics or patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type when compared with controls. The possibility is discussed that the increased CSF human diazepam-binding inhibitor immunoreactivity observed in depressed patients may represent a functional disinhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission associated with depression.
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PMID:Diazepam-binding inhibitor. A brain neuropeptide present in human spinal fluid: studies in depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. 302 63

Between 1979 and 1986 the number of psychosurgical operations carried out in Britain fell from 70 to 15 procedures annually. There are a number of possible reasons for this change of which increased experience with new regimes of psychotropic medication is perhaps the most important. The new Mental Health Act (1983) which brought psychosurgery under the direct jurisdiction of the law was followed by a sudden reduction in the number of patients treated but referals are now increasing. In current psychiatric practice, classification relies largely on description of syndromes, each characterised by a set of core symptoms. Schizophrenia and affective psychoses (endogenous depression, mania and obsessional illness of late onset) are characterised by disturbances of mood, thinking and perception often so profound as to impair the patient's contact with reality. In contrast, neuroses produce symptoms which are quantitatively, rather than qualitatively different from normal experience and psychosurgery has no place in their treatment. Following the introduction of phenothiazines in the early 1950's schizophrenia ceased to be an indication for psychosurgery. For a small group of severely disabled and distressed people suffering from endogenous depressive and obsessional illnesses, when other treatments have failed or ceased to be effective, psychosurgery remains an appropriate treatment. Just over half the patients treated at the Geoffrey Knight Unit are relieved to the extent that they are either free of symptoms or such symptoms that remain do not significantly impair social function. Following operation recovery is slow and progressive and a programme of rehabilitation is usually necessary. Personality which is often severely damaged by the effects of long illness returns towards normal. Neuropsychiatric evaluation has consistently failed to demonstrate adverse cognitive effects. Evaluation and selection of patients for operation should be done by a psychiatrist and neurosurgeon working in partnership. Stereotactic techniques have made it possible to produce precisely located lesions of consistent size, virtually eliminating side effects and reducing the epileptic risk to between two and three percent. The Mental Health Act, contrary to early expectations, has allowed that psychosurgery retains a place in the treatment of a small highly selected group of patients.
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PMID:Psychosurgery in Britain now. 307 47


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