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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review of scientific literature comes within the interest arisen from ten years by psychoneuroimmunology, a field connecting several disciplines and illustrating in a new way the psychosomatic relationships. A first category of works has been dedicated to the study of psychiatric disorders associated with various diseases concerning immunity (systemic diseases, endocrine diseases, cancers, infectious diseases), but also to the possible effect of distressing life events on the upset activation of immune functions, or even to the discovery of predisposing personality profiles (type C profile, depressive vulnerability). A second category of works concerns the analysis of the immune disturbances associated with certain psychiatric diseases, such as depression or schizophrenia, but also with some distressing life conditions, like bereavement. Animal experimentation and human experimentation provide various informations on the factors conditioning the immunomodulating effects of stress, sometimes in the direction of an inhibition, sometimes in the direction of an activation of immune functions. Finally, several papers shed light on the immunomodulating effects of psychotropic drugs. All these works open new horizons to the scientific knowledge and let us glimpse an extension to the use of psychologic therapeutics, as well of pharmacological ones as of non pharmacological.
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PMID:[Immunology and psychiatry]. 162 Oct 62

China's population is increasing at a rate of 12 million/year and the population doubled from 1949 to 1982. By the end of the century there will be 1 billion 300 million people when the land resources can accommodate only 680 million inhabitants. The policy of 1 child aims only at curtailing this growth by a system of awards and penalties. Contraceptives are free and widely available. As a result there are 32 million single children, and there is concern about the future care of the elderly. Since 1949 health care has improved. The infant mortality rate decreased from 200/1000 in 1949 to 34/1000 in 1982. Average life expectancy rose from 35 to 68 years. There are 2 million hospital beds and over 4 million medical personnel. Contagious and infectious diseases were eliminated in the 1950s, however, 60 million Chinese suffer from endemic disease, especially from snail fever. 40 million women use IUDs. There are 144 medical schools with 144,000 students. 1,200,000 paramedics provide primary care in the communes. There is an acute shortage of nurses because of its lowly status. Dependents pay 50% of health care while it is free for workers. Health education campaigns are widespread (1 child only, stop smoking). The elderly are cared for by their children, but grandparents also take care of grandchildren. Retirement age is 55 or 60 depending on gender and type of work. Professional visits were made to the Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (gallstone treatment with herbs, heat-producing moxibustion for blood circulation), Norman Bethune Hospital, (suction and prostaglandins for abortion), Dongying Commune, Hebei Medical College (25 specialties for postgraduate students), Shandong Psychiatric Hospital in Jinan (treatment of acute psychoses, schizophrenia, or mania), the Provincial Hospital Jinan (cesarean operations are done with acupuncture anesthesia), Jinan School of Health (nursing curriculum demonstration), Shanghai First Social Welfare Home for the Elderly, and to several factories.
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PMID:Aspects of health care in China. 250 88

Research investigating the pathogenesis of schizophrenia has demonstrated that cellular immune reactions, such as those that occur in known autoimmune diseases, may participate in producing alterations of the central nervous system. Furthermore, epidemiologic studies of immune-mediated diseases have suggested that activation of the central nervous system by stressful stimuli may be capable of influencing the function of the immune system. In support of that interaction, research using animal models of stress has provided valuable information as to the effect of stress on basic immune function and susceptibility to infectious disease. Possible hormonal and direct mechanisms of the central nervous system-immune system interaction have been proposed.
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PMID:The central nervous system--immune system relationship. 328 96

The incidence of schizophrenia among psychiatric and general trained nurses was investigated for the period 1955-1979 in Northern Ireland. No difference was found. These results do not support the hypothesis of schizophrenia as a horizontally transmitted infectious disease.
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PMID:Can psychiatric nurses 'catch' schizophrenia? 344 72

Of 104 patients treated in a psychiatric hospital because of mental disturbances caused by an infection, almost one-half had been referred directly to the psychiatric hospital on account of their psychically abnormal behaviour. The infectious disease causing these disturbances was diagnosed only after their admission. In most of the cases the psychic abnormalities did not seem to be due to a physical cause, so that the somatic examination was frequently delayed. Pneumonic infections were most frequently seen, but there were also numerous other infections from all other disciplines of medicine. Clouding of consciousness developed rapidly in 84% of the patients during the course of inpatient treatment with an incidence that was almost fivefold that of the initial stage. Visual hallucinations (37%) were the most frequent productive-psychotic phenomenon. 45% of the patients presented with a delirious pattern and 4% with a psychosis resembling schizophrenia. In 35% of the patients treatment with psychotropic drugs proved necessary, whereas with the remaining 65% therapy remained antibiotic or generally somatic only. 18% of the patients died.
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PMID:[Infection-caused mental disorders. Are they still topical in the antibiotic era?]. 356 70

This project was designed to test two hypotheses drawn from a new formulation explaining the exaggerated winter birthrate among hospitalized schizophrenics. The first is that the supposed exaggerated winter birthrate among process schizophrenics actually represents a reduction in spring-fall births caused by prenatal exposure to infectious diseases during the preceding winter--i.e., a high prenatal death rate in process preschizophrenic fetuses. The second is that the level of negative symptoms in survivors at risk for schizophrenia who were born after winters with high infectious disease rates is exaggerated. The findings provided some tentative support for this formulation. Compared with counterparts born after low-disease winters, schizophrenics born after winters with high disease incidences tended to show lower (more reactive) scores on a measure of the process-reaction dimension but higher anhedonia scores.
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PMID:The relationships of anhedonia and the process-reactive dimension to season of birth and infectious disease incidence in schizophrenia. 380 69

Studies of the increased or decreased risk of specific physical diseases in patients with schizophrenia and affective disorder are reviewed. Existing data suggest further examination of the following relationships: (1) the presence in schizophrenics of increased incidence of gastrointestinal cancer and of cardiovascular and infectious diseases, and of decreased incidence of lung cancer and rheumatoid arthritis; and (2) the increased incidence of circulatory, respiratory, and atopic diseases, and of diabetes mellitus among patients with major affective disorder. A majority of the studies reviewed failed to meet methodologic standards necessary to provide conclusive evidence. An ongoing research project which generally meets these standards, the Oxford Record Linkage Study, is described.
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PMID:Physical diseases in schizophrenia and affective disorder. 682 29

Schizophrenia prevalence in the United States is highest in urbanized Northeastern, Northwestern, and Great Lakes States. The viral theory of schizophrenia attributes this distribution to enhanced susceptibility to viral infections in crowded, urban areas. Such infections during fetal or perinatal development are hypothesized to result in the eventual onset of schizophrenia. This study attempts to identify which viral infections have a similar geographical distribution to schizophrenia. Examination of the geographical distribution of infectious diseases in the United States reveals that the spreading foci of Lyme disease and its primary vectors, Ixodid ticks, correlate significantly with high schizophrenia rate areas. Ixodid ticks are vectors in North America and throughout the world of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The international distribution of TBE is shown to be concentrated in countries where the highest rates of schizophrenia are found: Croatia, Norway, Finland, Germany, Ireland, and others. The geographical specificity of this correlation and the plausibility of a tick-associated or TBE theory of schizophrenia are discussed.
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PMID:Geographic correlation of schizophrenia to ticks and tick-borne encephalitis. 770 Dec 81

It has long been thought that rates of mental illness are higher in cities than elsewhere, because of crowding and resultant stress. In the case of schizophrenia, there are some marked exceptions to generally higher prevalence rates in industrialised cities. Factors such as migration, culture, infectious disease, demographic rates, and other social processes may affect geographical differences in rates. The excess of schizophrenia in central city areas has been given two opposing explanations--the 'breeder' hypothesis and 'social drift'. Data on incidence from three cities are compared, but do not reveal a clear common picture. Environmental factors connected with urban living are of two main types--social and non-social--which are not mutually exclusive; 'urban' may also have a variety of meanings. Rather than 'urbanicity' being an independent aetiological factor in schizophrenia, its effect may be largely explained in terms of migration and social class.
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PMID:Schizophrenia and city residence. 803

In a retrospective study, 16 of 80 mothers of chronic DSM III-R schizophrenics reported having had a serious infectious disease during pregnancy. Eleven of the infections had occurred during the second trimester. Influenza and the common cold with fever were frequent. Ten of 80 female controls also recalled having had an infectious illness during pregnancy. Compared to the controls, mothers of schizophrenics reported more infectious illness during pregnancy, particularly during the fifth month of gestation (p < 0.05). Mothers of familial and of sporadic DSM III-R schizophrenics reported equal frequencies of infections in pregnancy. In contrast, when Leonhard's classification of psychoses was applied, significant differences appeared. Infections during pregnancy were scarcely found in unsystematic schizophrenics (mainly genetically determined according to Leonhard). In systematic schizophrenics (mainly exogenously determined according to Leonhard), a significantly higher frequency of infectious diseases was reported for the second trimester as compred both to controls (p < 0.01) and to unsystematic schizophrenics (p < 0.001). Infections during the fifth month of gestation were exclusively reported in systematic schizophrenics. Thus, in the systematic forms of schizophrenia infections during the second trimester and particularly during the fifth month of gestation seem to play an important role in the etiology and seem to be of causal importance for the various cytoarchitectural abnormalities detected in the central nervous system of schizophrenics.
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PMID:[Pregnancy infections in mothers of chronic schizophrenic patients. The significance of differential nosology]. 817 58


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