Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is a need for reeducation of the population, especially in developed countries, as to the value of cereals in the diet. Cereals provide calories and important nutrients to the diet. Refined cereal products and unrefined cereals have certain advantages and disadvantages. With refinement, some nutrients and fiber are removed, but the body is better able to make use of certain nutrients. Essential nutrients are being replaced through fortification to compensate for losses in processing. The high fiber content of unrefined cereal products is believed to aid in the prevention of certain diseases. Special dietary bakery products have been introduced for the treatment of conditions generally exacerbated by standard food items. The increased consumption of cereal products appears warranted as a means of decreasing the saturated fat and cholesterol consumption. Cereals and cereal products have been mentioned in connection with allergies, celiac disease, schizophrenia, obesity, dental caries, cancer, atherosclerosis, goiter, and diverticulosis. This review discusses the possible role of cereals in the prevention or cause of these health problems.
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PMID:The nutritional and physiological impact of cereal products in human nutrition. 33 51

The potential importance of vasospasm, with or without consequent thrombosis, as a mechanism in general disease is discussed and the evidence examined in one organ, namely the brain. It is concluded that vasospasm might be important in a number of neurological disorders, including migraine, epilepsy, and even some of the schizophrenia-like illnesses. Repeated ischaemic cell damage from vasospasm is also discussed as a possible factor initiating autoimmune disease and cancer. The similarities between viral transformation and neoplasia have led to the proposition that much cancer might be explained if as a species we have evolved by the gradual build-up of viruses.
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PMID:Stress and disease: the missing link. A vasospastic theory. III. Stress, vasospasm and general disease. 38 56

A 42-year-old woman with a long-standing diagnosis of schizophrenia experienced two toxic reactions to 1200 mg of chlorpromazine while awaiting surgery for a locally metastatic carcinoma of the cervix. These reactions, which involved fever, increased pulse and respirations, and acute onset of obtundation, and which cleared after several hours, were produced by a medication and dose which had been well tolerated prior to the preoperative period. These reactions, typical of an acute anticholinergic syndrome, were precipitated by an interaction of the drug and a stress-induced change in her psychological state, due to anxiety about her cancer and impending surgery. This type of reaction has not been reported previously in a clinical setting.
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PMID:An anticholinergic toxicity reaction to chlorpromazine activated by psychological stress. 46 18

Computerized records of a large university hospital were searched to identify all women from 1967 to 1976 whose conditions had been diagnosed as breast cancer or primary cancer of another site. The records for those women with diagnoses of cancer were then examined to identify any prior psychiatric diagnoses. The rationale was that most patients treated in this hospital setting for psychiatric disorders received neuroleptic drugs, and patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia are almost certain to be treated with major neuroleptic drugs over a prolonged period of time. No substantial difference in the relative frequency of prior psychiatric treatment was observed between breast cancer and other cancer groups.
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PMID:Prior psychiatric treatment and the development of breast cancer. 67 41

The mortality and prevalence of ALS in the various countries of Finland was studied. The work was based on death certificates derived from a 10-year period from 1963 to 1972, and altogether 421 cases were found. The mean duration of the disease was 2.7 years, and the mean age at death was 61.2 years. The average annual mortality rate was 0.91 per 100,000. The male to female ratio was 0.87 to 1, males outnumbered females only in age groups under 65. Some clustering of the cases seems to be taking place in the south-eastern part of the country. The rural to urban distribution of the patients' places of birth and domiciles did not differ markedly from that of thw whole population. After ALS itself pneumonia was the most common direct cause of death. Of other significant conditions coded in the death certificates schizophrenia and cancer did not occur more often than could be expected by chance. No evidence of inheritance of the disease was found.
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PMID:The epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Finland. A study based on the death certificates of 421 patients. 95 May 75

The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the reproductiveness fertility and familial position of 2035 mental patients and 5358 normal females. It was possible to demonstrate a general drop during the past several years in the fertility, especially in the patients. The index of fertility and brutto-coefficient of reproductiveness in the group of patients is equal to 30-70% from the level of normal reproductiveness. However, in some forms of pathology (in patients with periodic schizophrenia) the level of reproductiveness falls more slowly than in the general population. It has been established that more than half of the children of schizophrenic patients (50.9%) are born after the onset of the disease. The level of fertility and the number of children or normals depends upon social factors (educational census, family budget). In mental patients these indices depend upon the degree of malignancy and the age of the onset of the pathological process.
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PMID:[Reproduction among the mentally ill]. 101 26

The pathophysiological effects of marijuana smoke and its constituent cannabinoids were reported first from in-vitro and in-vivo experimental studies. Marijuana smoke is mutagenic in the Ames test and in tissue culture and cannabinoids inhibit biosynthesis of macromolecules. In animals, marijuana or delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the intoxicating material it contains, produces symptoms of neurobehavioural toxicity, disrupts all phases of gonadal or reproductive function, and is fetotoxic. Smoking marijuana can lead to symptoms of airway obstruction as well as squamous metaplasia. Clinical manifestations of pathophysiology due to marijuana smoking are now being reported. These include: long-term impairment of memory in adolescents; prolonged impairment of psychomotor performance; a sixfold increase in the incidence of schizophrenia; cancer of mouth, jaw, tongue and lung in 19-30 year olds; fetotoxicity; and non-lymphoblastic leukemia in children of marijuana-smoking mothers.
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PMID:The human toxicity of marijuana. 784 3

Ligands of various chemical classes (e.g., indoles, indazoles, benzamides, carbazoles, and quinolines) have demonstrated high affinity for the 5-HT3 receptor in radiolabeled ligand-binding studies, and have shown 5-HT3 receptor antagonistic activity in functional assays which utilize the excitatory effects of 5-HT on enteric neurons and autonomic afferents. Several 5-HT3 antagonists are currently being evaluated for potential use in the treatment of migraine, schizophrenia, and anxiety, and a few have already demonstrated high efficacy as antiemetics in cancer chemotherapy. The purpose of this presentation is to highlight the significant structure-affinity relationships (SAFIR) and common geometrical features among 5-HT3 receptor ligands, and to describe the three-dimensional pharmacophore for the 5-HT3 recognition site derived from computational techniques. The chemical template containing the recognition elements (functional groups) for the 5-HT3 receptor are: an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system, a coplanar carbonyl group, and a nitrogen center, interrelated by well-defined distances. Two "binding shapes" or "active shapes" for 5-HT3 ligands have been identified from detailed conformational analyses.
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PMID:Molecular modeling of 5-HT3 receptor ligands. 181 57

Alprazolam is the product of the incorporation of the triazolo ring into the benzodiazepine structure. More than 90% of alprazolam is absorbed after an oral dose; the absorption rate is dose independent. After a single oral dose of 0.5 to 3 mg of alprazolam, peak plasma concentrations of 7 to 40 ng/ml are reached at 0.7 to 2.1 hours after administration. Factors such as liver and kidney disease, smoking, age, sex, and obesity have minimal effects on alprazolam pharmacokinetics. A review of alprazolam-drug interactions revealed few that were clinically significant, except that cimetidine and oral contraceptives reduce alprazolam clearance and increase its half-life. The mechanisms of action of alprazolam are reviewed. Its anxiolytic effect is similar to that of other benzodiazepines, but the basis of its other effects is less clear. Like other benzodiazepines, it has a good ratio of efficacy to side effects; its most common side effect, mild sedation, occurs early in treatment. The potential of dependence to and abuse of alprazolam and its toxicity are similar to that of other benzodiazepines. Finally, alprazolam's therapeutic role as an anxiolytic and anti-depressant and its use in the management of panic attacks, agoraphobia, schizophrenia, cancer, the premenstrual syndrome, and anxiety and as a cardioprotective agent are assessed.
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PMID:The pharmacology of alprazolam: a review. 202 16

A cohort consisting of 6178 people that were psychiatric inpatients with a clinical schizophrenia diagnosis in 1957 were followed up from 1957 through 1986, and their cause-specific mortality was determined. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, gastrointestinal and urogenital disorders, accidents and suicide was increased, whereas mortality from cerebrovascular disorders was reduced. In the male patients cancer mortality was reduced whereas cancer mortality in the female patients was increased. Mortality from a number of causes that theoretically could be associated with side effects from neuroleptics was increased. Mortality from some causes of death used as a measurement of the quality of medical care was found to be slightly increased. Further studies of the quality of the medical care provided to schizophrenic patients and of the association between neuroleptic medication and mortality are needed.
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PMID:Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenic patients in Denmark. 218 83


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