Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Performed detailed neuropsychological evaluations with 25 recently hospitalized schizophrenics in whom systematic neurologic workups had failed to reveal CNS disease. Efforts were made to minimize possible effects of drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms on test performance. Although the schizophrenics showed some neuropsychological impairment relative to 25 normals, their deficits were not as severe as those of patients known to have either acute or chronic brain disorders (N = 25). The diagnostic accuracy achieved by the tests supports their use in short-term treatment facilities when the differential diagnosis includes schizophrenia and brain disorder, especially acute brain disorder. Schizophrenics' neuropsychological impairment was more correlated with degree of EEG abnormality than with degree of psychosis, which suggests a possible organic basis for the deficits that they showed on testing.
 ...
PMID:Neuropsychological impairment with schizophrenia vs. acute and chronic cerebral lesions. 42 30

Paranoid symptoms were found in 40% of patients admitted to a university general hospital psychiatric unit during a ten-month period. Fifty-eight percent of this group had frank paranoid delusions, while the rest had ideas of reference or generalized suspiciousness. Only one half of those who had paranoid delusions had paranoid schizophrenia. A significant number had affective disorders or organic brain disorder. Ideas of reference and suspiciousness were found in many patients who were not psychotic. The therapeutic implications of these findings are reported in three patients who were inadequately treated for affective disorders because the presence of paranoid symptomatology had led to an incorrect diagnosis of schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Paranoid symptoms in patients on a general hospital psychiatric unit. Implications for diagnosis and treatment. 72 91

The conventional distinction between schizophrenia and manic depression has received little objective support from recent studies of phenomenology, outcome, or familial homotypy. Instead, much clinical, epidemiological, and morphological evidence suggests that within the broad range of Schneiderian schizophrenia there exists one form (congenital schizophrenia) that can be distinguished from other types, the manifestations of which are confined to adult life. We hypothesize that congenital schizophrenia is a consequence of aberrant brain development during fetal and neonatal life. Such patients show structural brain changes and cognitive impairment, and in their male predominance, early onset, and poor outcome, they reflect Kraepelin's original description of dementia praecox. We contend that adult-onset schizophrenia is itself heterogeneous. One important component is a relapsing and remitting disorder that is more frequent in females than in males, exhibits positive but not negative symptoms, and has much in common etiologically with affective psychosis. There also exists a very-late-onset group in which degenerative brain disorder is implicated.
 ...
PMID:A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. 137 34

The question if there are "symptomatic schizophrenias" has been discussed since the 20s. Schizophrenic psychoses caused be definable and well known brain diseases are presented. All schizophrenic symptoms and syndromes, the first rank symptoms (K. Schneider) too, occur in somatically founded psychoses. The group of paroxysmal transition syndromes in the sense of aura prolongata (continua) and the episodic schizophrenic psychoses in psychomotor epilepsy may be a model for the schizophrenia research. Vital threatening, so-called pernicious catatonic schizophrenias are found on the basis of infectious brain diseases, sometimes only diagnosed in autopsy. Beside acute and reversible symptomatic schizophrenic psychoses there are, even if rarely, recurrent and chronic courses of symptomatic schizophrenias. That certain conditions for the developing of symptomatic schizophrenias are rarely realised, could be an explanation for their rarity. Some findings indicate that the limbic system is significant for symptomatic (and idiopathic) schizophrenic psychoses and the pre- and postpsychotic basic stages determined by dynamic and cognitive basic symptoms, which are phenomenologically very similar to aura symptoms released by stereoelectroencephalographic depth recordings (Wieser). The characteristic features of marked fluctuation, discontinuity and insteadiness of the cognitive thought, perception, psychomotor and cenesthetic phenomena do not speak against an organic brain disorder provided that the traditional process hypothesis is abandoned in favor of a neurobiochemic disorder, fluctuating on its part depending on endogenous as well as psychic-reactive factors.
 ...
PMID:[Does symptomatic schizophrenia exist?]. 218 47

Primitive (developmental) reflexes are present in fetal and infant life, but disappear in adulthood. Their elicitation in later life usually occurs in association with cortical or diffuse cerebral dysfunction and suggests a new approach to the issue of whether tardive dyskinesia is particularly likely to occur in patients with organic brain disorder(s). Sixty-six patients with schizophrenia (age range 50-86) and 18 with bipolar affective disorder (age range 40-77) were assessed for the presence of involuntary movements and for the release of the grasp, palmomental, snout, corneomandibular, and glabellar reflexes. In each diagnostic group, patients with involuntary movements showed a significant excess of primitive reflexes in comparison with otherwise indistinguishable patients without such movements. These results complement recent reports that similar patients with involuntary movements also show greater cognitive impairment and point anew to an association between the presence of tardive dyskinesia and of organic brain dysfunction. They raise again the issue of whether or not such dysfunction may be a consequence of neurodevelopmental abnormality rather than of neurodegenerative processes.
 ...
PMID:Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: overrepresentation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. 289 19

The hypothesis is advanced that certain psychoses in adults devolve from attention deficit disorder (ADD), which has a fundamental impact on cognitive and social development and thus affects personality structure and psychodynamics. This 'ADD psychosis' often masquerades as schizophrenia or an affective disorder and hence is frequently misdiagnosed, precluding appropriate clinical intervention. Based upon clinical evidence and empirical research involving phenomenological comparisons, premorbid history, high risk studies, neurodiagnostic evaluations, and pharmacotherapeutic response, it is suggested that ADD psychosis in adults be regarded as a separate diagnostic entity. Distinguishing symptomatology, anamnesis, family history, therapeutics, as well as prognosis, are discussed. The concept of attention deficit disorder (ADD), until recently referred to as minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), has been conceived as a childhood affliction with rather specific and circumscribed manifestations. The diverse features which embrace this syndrome, such as hyperactivity and dyslexia, were first identified and subsumed under the collective banner of MBD about 2 decades ago. The complex hypotheses concerning its possible etiology have been detailed elsewhere and need not be repeated here. Rutter, based on his extensive literature review and seminal studies, has come to regard MBD as a subclinical brain disorder developing from a genetically determined biochemical abnormality, which produces symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention deficit, aggressivity, and conduct disturbance. Indeed, factor analytic studies reviewed by Rutter support the co-occurrence of these pathological features in children, yet the empirical evidence for a distinct syndrome and for a precise etiology has been admittedly weak, with some contending that MBD or ADD is simply a catch-all for disparate neurological symptoms of unknown and variable pathogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Attention deficit disorder psychosis as a diagnostic category. 345 65

Schizophrenic patients with (N = 17) and without (N = 14) tardive dyskinesia performed several neuropsychological tests. Most patients (88%) showed complete lack of concern or anosognosia with regard to their involuntary movement. A marginally significant difference was found in recall of pictures presented in the right hemispace. It is suggested that when patients with organic brain disorder and a low Mini-Mental State score are excluded, neuropsychological tests do not differentiate between tardive dyskinesia patients and nonhyperkinetic controls. The results are discussed in relation to hemispheric asymmetries in schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Cognitive impairment in patients with tardive dyskinesia. 397 76

Fifty-six patients with RDC schizophrenia (42) or schizoaffective disorder (14), of two to 20 years' duration, were assessed for neurological 'soft' signs and cognitive impairment when in a stable condition--the 'outcome'. Neurological dysfunction (46% of 50 examined patients) was associated with a history of developmental abnormalities, but was unrelated to outcome, psychiatric symptoms, or treatment. Deficits in particular cognitive fields were related to two independent factors: overall severity of residual psychiatric disorder (outcome) and neurological dysfunction. There was no relationship between the size of the lateral brain ventricles on CT scan and either 'soft' signs or cognitive impairment. The findings do not provide evidence for an association between the presence of organic brain disorder (as indicated by the joint occurrence of neurological dysfunction and cognitive impairment) and either poor outcome or particular symptoms of schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. III: Neurological 'soft' signs, cognitive impairment and their clinical significance. 401 37

One hundred and twenty patients presenting for admission were randomly allocated into two groups. Control patients received standard psychiatric hospital care and aftercare. Experimental patients were not admitted, if possible; they and their relatives were provided with comprehensive community treatment, including a 24-hour crisis service. Patients with a diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence, organic brain disorder, or mental retardation were excluded. The great majority of patients were diagnosed as suffering from one of the functional psychoses--mainly schizophrenia. During the study year, control patients spent an average of 53.5 days in psychiatric hospitals, experimental patients spent an average of 8.4 days. Psychiatric patients were treated more effectively and economically in the community, without shifting the burden onto the relatives. Nearly all the relatives of experimental patients preferred community treatment; they considered it to be significantly more helpful to the patients and themselves than standard psychiatric hospital care and aftercare.
 ...
PMID:The relatives of the mentally ill. A comparative trial of community-oriented and hospital-oriented psychiatric care. 608 34

One hundred and twenty patients presenting for admission to a state psychiatric hospital were randomly allocated into two groups. Control patients received standard hospital care and after-care. Experimental patients were not admitted if this could be avoided; instead they and their relatives were provided with comprehensive community treatment and a 24-hour crisis service. Patients with a primary diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence, organic brain disorder or mental retardation were excluded. Most patients were suffering from psychotic disorders--more than half specifically from schizophrenia. During the 12 months study period 96% of the control patients were admitted--51% more than once. Of the experimental patients 60% were not admitted at all and only 8% were admitted more than once. Control patients spent an average of 53.5 days in psychiatric hospital, experimental patients spent an average of 8.4 days. Community treatment did not increase the burden upon the community, was considered to be significantly more satisfactory and helpful by patients and their relatives, achieved a clinically superior outcome, and cost less than standard care and after-care. The ingredients differentiating comprehensive community-based care from prevailing methods of psychiatric care are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Community orientated treatment compared to psychiatric hospital orientated treatment. 674 Mar 35


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>