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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A bipolar patient presenting with catatonia may be misdiagnosed as having noncatatonic schizophrenia or unipolar depression because these conditions share the same signs. Of 12 patients with episodes of catatonia who were admitted to the authors' inpatient units, 8 were initially diagnosed as schizophrenic. Within 2 years, 8 of the 12 were ultimately diagnosed as suffering from bipolar affective disorder. Catatonia--a syndrome, not a diagnosis--seems more closely linked with bipolar disorder than with schizophrenia or unipolar depression.
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PMID:Problems in diagnosing bipolar disorder in catatonic patients. 233 95

Sixty-one winter depressive patients were evaluated for evidence of bipolar illness. Using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version and the General Behavior Inventory, only nine (15%) could be considered bipolar. On prospective evaluation of patients during the summer following winter depression, few showed signs of manic or hypomanic symptoms. Also, few patients had a family history of bipolar illness. When patients were asked to evaluate symptoms of winter depression, lack of energy was found to be the most prominent feature of the syndrome.
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PMID:Is winter depression a bipolar disorder? 234 Jul 14

Reactive psychosis is generally thought of as a nosological term of favourable course and outcome. Studies of mortality risk following this psychosis are sparse and inconclusive. This study shows that using mortality as an index of outcome, first-admitted patients with reactive psychosis have as poor an outcome as patients with the endogenous psychoses schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis, and thus an excess mortality risk compared with that of the population in general. Reactive depressed patients have even a higher relative mortality risk than endogenous depressed patients. Certain precautions are attached to the use of diagnostic classification of first admissions and especially for reactive psychosis. But as this is a commonly used diagnostic term in Scandinavian psychiatry, the high relative mortality risk is notable. In the search for methods of prevention, the cause of death will be examined in future studies.
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PMID:Reactive psychosis and mortality. 234 53

The distinction between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia customarily follows examination of the clinical symptomatology and course of illness. The presence of cognitive impairment has been held to be uncommon in bipolar disorder and more likely in schizophrenia. This study explored neuropsychological function in 30 ambulatory outpatients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder (all of whom had been psychotic during manic episodes), comparing their performance with that of controls. These bipolar patients proved to have significant levels of diffusely represented cognitive impairment when compared with controls. Further, the degree of impairment was significantly correlated with reduction in midsagittal areas of brain structures measured on magnetic resonance imaging scans. The implications of these findings in relation to bipolar disorder are discussed.
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PMID:Cognitive impairment and cerebral structure by MRI in bipolar disorder. 235 25

Saugstad (1989) recently proposed a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and manic depressive illness that emphasizes the importance of biological maturation. Early maturation is proposed to be critical to manic-depressive illness and late maturation to schizophrenia. There are three goals of the comments that follow: (1) to place the neurodevelopmental theory in a broader context of ongoing research in sex differences in psychopathology; (2) to address some conceptual ambiguities in the model, especially with respect to within-schizophrenia comparisons; and (3) to offer a suggestion for a critical test of a maturation hypothesis of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Reflections on Saugstad's "social class, marriage, and fertility in schizophrenia". 265 69

A Crisis Team staffed by eight psychiatric nurses provided a 24-hour service to the seriously and chronically mentally ill who were experiencing psychiatric crisis. Immediate and continuing help was provided to patients and their relatives in their homes. Effects on patients, relatives and hospital admissions were studied. The sample consisted of 69 patients seen during a three-month study period. Six months later, 80% of patients and 73% of their relatives were interviewed by an independent psychologist. Of the sample, 80% had previous psychiatric admissions and were diagnosed as suffering from one of the functional psychoses--mainly schizophrenia or manic depression. The crises that led to the Team's interventions were mostly psychotic episodes and aggressive or suicidal behaviours; 47% occurred at night. Hospital records confirmed reports from staff, patients and relatives that the Team had halved admissions. Most patients and relatives were "very satisfied" with the treatment received from the Team and considered it had helped "greatly". They especially liked the home visits, the 24-hour availability and the friendly staff who provided them with support, medication and where needed, accommodation. In spite of the interventions of the Team, some 40% of patients were admitted during the research period, and at follow-up most were still experiencing symptoms and difficulties. Relatives, more than patients, expressed a need for additional rehabilitation and easier access to hospital, especially for those severely ill patients whom they found too difficult to live with. While the work of the Crisis Team proved highly beneficial for both patients and relatives, and reduced hospital admissions by half during the study period, it is clear that there is still a need for long-term support and rehabilitation.
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PMID:A crisis team for the mentally ill: the effect on patients, relatives and admissions. 237 1

A review is presented of the diagnosis and drug treatment of the more common psychiatric and developmental disorders in the pediatric population. Where applicable, DSM III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders, III) criteria are utilized to describe the behavioral syndromes. The indications for usage and appropriate dosages of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, stimulants, and lithium are described. Those disorders discussed are attention deficit disorder, conduct disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, schizophrenia, autism, Tourette's syndrome, mental retardation, depressive illness, manic depressive illness, eating disorders, and enuresis.
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PMID:Pharmacologic treatment of psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents (Part 1). 241 73

Autoimmune mechanisms have been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Recently, increased numbers of B lymphocytes expressing the CD5 (Leu-1) surface antigen have been observed in patients with certain autoimmune diseases. In the present study, approximately 30% of schizophrenic patients (11/34) were found by cytofluorometric methods to have similarly increased levels of circulating CD5+ B cells compared with 6% (2/33) of healthy individuals and 5% (1/20) of patients with bipolar affective disorder. In schizophrenic patients with a "high" CD5+ B-cell phenotype, the percentage of B cells expressing the CD5 surface marker (mean +/- SEM, 52.4% +/- 3.5%) was comparable to that reported for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and significantly greater than that reported for patients with bipolar affective disorder (25.7% +/- 2.5%) and healthy controls (31.0% +/- 1.8%). Schizophrenic patients with high levels of CD5+ B cells had increased numbers of total B cells compared with control subjects and patients with low levels of CD5+ B cells. An elevation in CD5+ B cells may delineate a subgroup of schizophrenic patients whose disease has an underlying autoimmune and/or genetic cause.
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PMID:Increased numbers of CD5+ B lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients. 247 93

Social skill and role functioning were assessed in matched groups of patients with DSM-III-R schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Schizophrenics were categorized as negative syndrome or non-negative on the basis of the SANS. The negative schizophrenics were significantly more impaired on almost every measure of social functioning. The other three groups were not consistently different from one another. The results suggest that when patients are comparable on dimensions such as duration and severity of illness, schizoaffectives do not occupy an intermediate position between schizophrenics without negative syndrome and bipolar patients. Rather, the three groups exhibit similar degrees of social disability. In contrast, negative syndrome schizophrenics were more impaired even when they were similar in chronicity and severity.
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PMID:Social competence in schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and negative and non-negative schizophrenia. 248 80

The diagnosis of manic depressive or bipolar disease is difficult in adolescents. Poorly defined nosology, and a high incidence of schizophrenia-like symptoms contribute to this difficulty. The authors discuss the use of the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) in the diagnosis of bipolar disease in adolescents, presenting three case studies. The existence of phase-dependent DST non-suppression is described for the first time in adolescents.
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PMID:Biologic markers and bipolar disease in children. 249 51


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