Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 20-year follow-up of a child psychiatric clientele of 322 patients demonstrates that nearly one third have been admitted to psychiatric departments or mental hospitals in adulthood. One tenth belonged to the group with psychoses either as a child or grown-up. While the incidence of manic-depressive psychosis did not differ from a normal population of the same sex and age, the child psychiatric clientele is overrepresented by psychotic patients later on diagnosed as schizophrenia. The outcome of infantile psychosis was in half of the cases chronic psychosis; five of 10 psychosis proto-infantilis patients were diagnosed schizophrenia in adulthood. This result is not in accordance with the modern view that psychosis proto-infantilis is a special disease with no clinical connection to schizophrenia. The clinical entity of infantile psychosis and borderline psychosis seems to be affirmed by a common clinical and diagnostic course into borderline psychosis or schizoid character disorders. Nine patients with psychosis in adulthood did not belong to the group of psychosis in childhood.
 ...
PMID:A follow-up study of a child psychiatric clientele with special regard to the diagnosis of psychosis. 96 58

Eighty-five cases of atypical schizophrenia were compared with 200 of schizophrenia, 100 of bipolar (mania), and 225 of unipolar (depression) affective disorder. Comparisons were made on the basis of sex, age at admission, precipitating factors, outcome, and a family history of schizophrenia or of affective disorder. The atypical schizophrenia differed remarkably from the schizophrenia and most closely resembled the bipolar affective disorder when allowance was made for a younger age at onset and a higher frequency of precipitants. An analysis of symptoms verified the predominance of schizophrenic features in the atypical schizophrenia, but also showed a high percentage (80%) of patients who had one or more manic symptoms at index admission. It is concluded that great care should be taken in diagnosing schizophrenia in a patient who also has manic symptoms.
 ...
PMID:A study of "atypical schizophrenia". Comparison with schizophrenia and affective disorder by sex, age of admission, precipitant, outcome, and family history. 97 Oct 26

The authors undertook a chart review to examine the use of the diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizo-affective type, in clinical practice. Of 27 patients given this diagnosis over a 3-year period, 13 were found to have evidence of bipolar course in their illnesses. For both the bipolar and unipolar groups, the most striking finding in first-degree relatives was the prominence of affective conditions. The bipolar group had a statistically significant earlier age for first psychiatric treatment and previous number of hospitalizations. Symptoms noted on admission were mostly affective, and the schizophrenic symptoms reported were noted by authors to be considered overinclusive or unreliable by many clinicians. Both groups received treatment with antipsychotic and antidepressant medication. Six of 13 bipolar patients and no unipolar patients were treated with lithium carbonate. Five bipolar patients met research criteria of Feighner et al. (1972) for primary affective illness and another met the criteria for schizophreniform illness. One unipolar patient met criteria for probable primary affective illness and another met the criteria for probable schizophreniform illness. The authors concluded that the diagnosis of schizo-affective illness, as used in day to day clinical practice, does not identify a group of schizophrenic patients nor a homogeneous patient group, and when both affective and schizophrenic features appear in a patient with a bipolar illness, the diagnosis of manic-depressive illness, not schizophrenia, should be given first consideration.
 ...
PMID:Bipolar course in schizo-affective illness. 97 45

The US-UK Cross-National Project is conducting a series of trans-Atlanti comparisons of psychiatric practice and psychiatric disorders. The inital studies investigated the large US-UK cross-national differences reported in the public mental hospital statistics on adult admission rates of schizophrenia and the manic-depressive disorders. Three general strategies were adopted: (1) semi-structured interviews with hospitalized patients aged 20-59 years; (2) rating of videotapes by samples of psychiatrists; and (3) systematic examination of case records. The results showed that routine hospital diagnoses were based on differing criteria in the two countries and it was this that accounted for the reported cross-national differences in admission rates. A method of making internationally reliable diagnoses was demonstrated.
 ...
PMID:Aims, organization, and initial studies of the Cross-National Project. 102 98

A simple test of perception, the Critical Flicker Fusion threshold (CFF) was given successively for 20 mins. to 69 healthy subjects aged 7-63 and to 53 comparable neuropsychiatric patients. The latter could be divided into a functionally sick group and a group with brain damage. Auto-correlation analysis revealed significant sine-wave cycles of amplitude and ultradian frequency for the CFF mean scores and the CFF "Scatter* scores. Both cycles of recurrence showed frequencies which distinguished significantly between the total healthy subjects and the patients. Further analysis showed no difference between controls and emotionally sick patients (i.e. those with sociopathy, schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis) but there was a highly significant difference between these three groups and patients with relatively damaged C.N.S. (i.e. those with mental deficiency, organic brain syndrome and organic dementia). Even among the control group a progressive increase in frequency of these perceptual cycles occurred with advancing age. These CFF results point to the existence of a cycle of perceptual acuity and another of vigilance in the organism. Both appear to relate to the neural integrity of the C.N.S.
 ...
PMID:Two biological rhythms of perception distinguishing between intact and relatively damaged brain function in man. 102 33

The importance of amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier as the limiting factor in the metabolism of monoamines has been emphasized by many recent publications. Particularly critical is the transport of tryptophan, since tryptophan hydroxylase is not saturated. This transport is regulated by complex mechanisms, both at the periphery (total and free plasmatic levels and levels of the other essential amino acids) and centraly (by feedback mechanism initiated at the pre- and post-synaptic levels). The hydroxylated derivatives of tryptophan and tyrosine, i.e. 5-HTP and L-DOPA, most probably share the same transport mechanism as these amino acids themselves. In manic-depressive patients, the uptake of L-5-HTP is increased during the depressive phase, while the uptake of L-DOPA, is increased during the manic phase. We suggest that an increase in the uptake of tryptophan may set off oscillations in all the monoaminergic systems, thus providing a biochemical model of manic-depressive psychosis. In terms of this model, melancholy would be due to a hyperserotoninergic syndrome together with a relative hypocatecholaminergic syndrome. Mania would be due to a homogeneous hypercatecholaminergic syndrome together with a relative hyposerotoninergic syndrome. Such a model is compatible with present knowledge of the physiology of monoamines, of the semeiology and biological disturbances of manic-depressive psychosis, and of the treatment of this disease. It reconciles the monoaminergic and ionic theories of the disease better than other existing hypotheses. A reduced transport of tryptophan with a secondary increase in the transport ot tyrosine provides a conceivable model for schizophrenia. Indeed, a serotoninergic hypoactivity coupled with a dopaminergic hyperactivity, with or without a noradrenergic deficiency, would account for the semeiology quite adequately. This model too would be compatible with present knowledge of monoamine physiology, of the biochemical disturbances underlying schizophrenia and of the mode of action of anti-psychotic drugs. This unitarian heuristic concept of the monoaminergic psychoses would be in better agreement with the classic clinical data concerning this disease (typology intermediate syndromes and crossed heredity).
 ...
PMID:[Hypothetical concept: the physiopathological entity of monoaminergic psychoses]. 108 12

The author considers some difficulties and discrepancies in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizo-affective psychoses on the one hand and manic-depressive psychosis on the other in a group of out-patients receiving treatment with lithium for the prophylaxis of affective disorders. Factors common to both groups and being the basis for the selection of lithium prophylaxis are considered. Special attention in these cases is paid to the course of the disease.
 ...
PMID:[Lithium prophylaxis]. 110 90

Reactive, or psychogenic, psychoses have been given the most attention in the literature by Scandinavian investigators. We defined diagnostic criteria for reactive psychoses emphasizing differences with manic-depressive psychoses and schizophrenia. Forty Danish probands were selected and family history data was obtained by personal interview and record review. In order to compare our results with other investigations, we age corrected family history data. Siblings of reactive probands were found to have significantly more reactive psychoses than siblings of manic-depressives or schizophrenics, and significantly less schizophrenia than siblings of schizophrenics. Although there was some genetic overlap with manic-depressive psychosis, we believe that the findings are sufficiently distinct to warrant the separate diagnostic category of reactive psychoses.
 ...
PMID:Reactive psychoses. A family study. 111 98

From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950-1959 and diagnosed as suffering from manic-depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic-depressive patients with anancastic symptoms in the history was selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non-anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The study was designed as a follow-up study, and the patients who were still living were seen personally. In the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, the incidence of a number of psychopathological features was evaluated based on the case histories and the information given by the patients at the follow-up. There was no difference as far as atypical, schizophrenia-like symptoms were concerned between the anancastic probands and the controls. Manic and hypomanic features were more frequent among the controls, corresponding to a greater number of bipolar psychoses among them. At the same time, the controls showed a significant preponderance of decidedly psychotic symptoms such as disturbances of consciousness, delusions and delusion-like ideas and hallucinations. Furthermore, retardation was more frequent among the controls. There was no difference in the suicidal behaviour of the two groups. Symptoms which were more often met among the anancastic depressives were: anxiety, agitation, diurnal variation of mood and early awakening. Seasonal variation in symptomatology was also more frequent among the anancastic probands. The same held true for depersonalization. The anancastic probands showed a significant preponderance of anancastic premorbid personality features. A positive correlation was found between the number of anancastic personality features and the following symptoms: agitation, anxiety, diurnal fluctuation, seasonal variation, hypochondriacal attitude and depersonalization. On the other hand, objective retardation or flight of ideas showed a significant negative correlation. The pattern of the anancastic symptoms was rather uniform; aggressive obsessions, mostly in the form of suicidal and homicidal obsessions, were present in more than two thirds of the cases. The anancastic depressions were often less severe than non-anancastic depressions in that the latter were more often complicated by decidedly psychotic symptoms. It is possible to interpret the symptomatology of anancastic depressions as a pathoplastic influence of the anancastic personality, but it cannot be excluded that some of the symptoms like anxiety and agitation are linked to the presence of anancastic symptoms as such.
 ...
PMID:The psychopathology of anancastic endogenous depression. 119 73

An attempt was made to classify the atypical psychoses according to cross-sectional psychopathological criteria. We were able to separate two groups from a group of benign schizophrenics. The latter served more as a comparison group and were in every way similar to the nuclear group, except for a better social prognosis. Group C (atypical manic depressive illnesses) which was closer to manic depressive illness than the other two groups, differs from it by thought disorders and delusional experiences. In the further course of the illness, after a few schizophrenic symptoms had appeared once or repeatedly during the acute stage, the typical features of manic depressive illness came more and more to the fore. In group A (mixed psychotic syndrome) manic depressive and schizophrenic symptom complexes appeared for quite some time during the acute stage with approximately equal clarity and significance. In the further course, during which manic depressive phases as well as schizophrenic thrusts can make their appearances, one can often see the development of a 'hypomanic defect'. Systematised delusions, as well as grimacing and circumstantiality, can also persist frequently. On the whole, however, it is difficult to recognize the defect states from their original state once the illness has settled down. A classification of the atypical psychoses and their differentiation from typical manic depressive illness or nuclear schizophrenia is necessary, at least, because of the worse, respectively better, social prognosis of the atypical psychoses. This investigation should be continued further by using as control groups bi- and unipolar affective psychoses and nuclear schizophrenics with a severe course. The subgroups of the atypical psychoses will be used to evaluate different long-term therapies in a further study.
 ...
PMID:[Course of atypical psychoses]. 120 80


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>