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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma chlorpromazine (CPZ) levels of 50 psychotic inpatients were measured by gas liquid chromatography; the clinical progress of 29 of these patients with acute psychoses was also assessed. CPZ levels of 50-300 ng/ml were usually associated with clinical improvement; there was also a relationship between CPZ levels and increases in certain symptoms. The 50-300 ng/ml level was best attained by doses of 400-800 mg/day. Trihexyphenidyl decreased plasma CPZ by a mean of 44.7% in 12 of 15 patients. A single 400-800-mg dose of CPZ at bedtime produced steady states equal to or better than those achieved with multiple doses. Those patients who failed to attain CPZ levels of more than 70 ng/ml despite doses of 400-1000 mg/day were receiving lithium throughout the study and had discharge diagnoses of manic-depressive psychosis, manic type, and schizo-affective schizophrenia--a finding with implications for future research.
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PMID:Clinical response and plasma levels: effect of dose, dosage schedules, and drug interactions on plasma chlorpromazine levels. 0 1

Research on psychoactive drugs: antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic was reviewed. The drug families and their usual side effects were described. Proliferation of drug use, polypharmacy, and tardive dyskinesia were seen as areas of concern; advances in biological explanations of schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorders, and increasing knowledge about the brain's neurotransmitters brightened the investigative efforts.
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PMID:Psychologists and psychoactive drugs. 3 17

Controlled investigations on the psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children are reviewed. Children with infantile autism might benefit from psychopharmacological medication when they grow older, e.g. above the age of 7 years. Learning might be facilitated when the psychoactive medication is able to inhibit psychotic preoccupations and idiosyncratic reactions. Schizophrenic and manic-depressive psychoses are rarely seen in childhood. A subgroup of the children with infantile autism might develop schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis in children are treated as in adults. Special caution must be paid to the toxic effects of imipramine.
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PMID:Psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children. A survey. 3 38

Metabolic theories of manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia are reviewed and constructivist models are presented which attempt to integrate biochemical, neurophysiological and clinical findings.
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PMID:[Physiopathology of endogenous psychoses]. 4 42

Cerebral embolism can manifest itself in certain cases as pure psychosis. In the absence of neurological symptoms it might be mistaken for schizophrenia or manic-depressive psychosis. Cardiac disease and cardiac surgery involve a high risk of embolism. Microembolism plays a special role with extracorporal circulation. There is a significant increase of postoperative psychosis in cases with E.C.C. in comparison to closed heart surgery. Immediately post-operatively there occurs what has been described as the "catastrophic reaction" or "immobilization syndrome". This reaction is in fact an akinetic, parkinsonian-like state for which there is good evidence that it is due to transient microembolism of the basal ganglia ("striatum apoplexy"). After its disappearance around the 3rd--5th day "cardiac psychoses" (cardiac delirium) may manifest themselves. Patients who develop these "late" psychoses have a significantly higher correlation with endogenous psychoses in their family histories. On the psychopathological level--in the absence of disturbances of consciousness and orientation--it is not possible to differentiate between "exogenous" and "endogenous" psychosis. A special type of psychopathological reaction is dependent, as in neurological disease, on the severity of brain damage, its localization and on hereditary factors.
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PMID:[Cerebral embolism and psychosis with special reference to cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. 6 Dec 57

Lithium (0.5--4 mM) either significantly increase, either completely normalizers the intensity of the oxidative and energy metabolism of the brain mitochondria, decreased by the influence of the blood serum of patients with manic-depressive psychosis and attack like schizophrenia. At the same time lithium gives an insignificant increase in the intensity of processes of phosphorilation in cases of an action of the blood serum of patients with a continuous development of schizophrenia. Processes of phosphorilation become normalized in a joint action on the mitochondria by lithium and antioxidants. In the process of phosphorilation in comparison with the blood serum of patients who do not receive this preparation. It is assumed that an increase in the intensity of the energy metabolism is one of the mechanisms of therapeutical and prophylactic action of lithium.
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PMID:[Effect of lithium on the energy metabolism of nervous tissue]. 14 78

The major psychoses have been investigated for genetic and environmental etiological factors for over two centuries. Recent emphasis has been placed on a genetic (diathesis) environmental stress model. For schizophrenia, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses, research evidence from psycho-biological studies, family, pedigree, twin, and adoptee studies has provided sufficient data from diagnostic and follow-up studies and new psychopharmacological research that for these three major psychoses a strong necessary but not sufficient basis for genetic causation exists. This review attempts to summarize existing data into a hypothesis that suggests that two separate gene pools of polygenic nature relate to the development of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness and that schizo-affective illness may result from genetic transmission from each of these separate gene pools. The hypothetical model for each psychosis proposes that polygenetic inheritance affects different central nervous system neuroanatomical sites in the human which are in homeostasis as to catecholamine neurotransmitter regulation of the psyche. With sufficient environmental stress, an "imbalance" occurs in the neural integrative systems which produces phenotypically the three separate psychotic behavioral syndromes of schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and schizo-affective psychosis.
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PMID:Genetic and other factors in schizophrenic, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses. 32 Feb 88

One of the earliest Nazi efforts to create a super race was the mass sterilization of German citizens through radiation or surgery. A law enacted on July 14, 1933 stated that all patients suffering from hereditary mental disorders, schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, hereditary epilepsy, chorea, blindness, deafness, other serious hereditary defects or alcoholism must be sterilized. Special courts were created. Directors of psychiatric institutions, certain doctors, as well as the patients themselves were called before the court. All medical personnel including nurses and midwives were to report anyone in their care who should be sterilized. Patients had the alternation of willingly committing themselves for life into a "closed" institution, where they would have no opportunity for heterosexual actifity. On the whole, German society did not support this law, particularly relatives and family of patients. From the sketchy records available, it is clear that there were often casualties and that patients were hunted out and forced to submit to sterilization.
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PMID:[Compulsory sterilization in the Breslau district in 1934-1944]. 37 15

1. A number of antigens of the HLA system showed significant associations with clinical phenotypes of schizophrenia and manic depressive disorders. Even though we emphasize the need to consider these results with caution, we suggest that the findings now available indicate that the chromosomal regions which control the HLA system also contain the genetic material related to schizophrenia. On the other hand, although initial results have been encouraging, more work is needed before we can draw definite conclusions about the relationships between HLA antigens and the genetics of manic depressive disorders. All this recently acquired information is discussed and new lines for research are also suggested, including linkage studies in families, which might offer a more precise understanding of the genetic contribution to psychopathology. 2. Stressed also is the possibility that HLA determinants interfere with the interaction between neurotransmitters and/or psychotropic drugs and specific receptors. In this light, the clinical implications of HLA-A1 reactions to chlorpromazine and haloperidol, and of the HLA-A1 cross-reacting antigens are analyzed. Such studies are as yet very preliminary; however they perhaps help to clarify both the real biological roles of these antigenic membrane structures and the mechanisms by which psychotropic drugs interact with membrane receptors.
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PMID:HLA system, psychiatry and psychopharmacology. 40 35

A clinico-catamnestical study of 200 adolescents with depressive conditions in endogenous psychoses revealed 28 patients who suffered from schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis with manifestations of larvate depressions. It was established that larvate depressions in adolescents in the majority of the cases proceed with disorders of behaviour and poor school progress. The clinical picture is characterized by diverse somatic complaints in the absence of actual somatical pathology. Larvate depressions in adolescents differ significantly from similar states in adults, inasmuch as poor progress in school is due to disorders of cognitive activity during the disease.
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PMID:[Latent endogenous depressions in adolescents]. 42 69


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