Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The WISC-R factor scores of non-retarded children meeting DSM III criteria for autism and schizophrenia were compared. The scores of the schizophrenic children on factor 3 were significantly lower than those of the autistic children, below the range of normal children, and significantly lower than the scores they obtained on the verbal comprehension and perceptual organization factors. The autistic children scored in the superior range on the block design subtest and did not show gross impairments in language function as indexed by scores on the verbal comprehension factor. The only subtest autistic children were impaired on was the comprehension subtest.
 ...
PMID:Patterns of intellectual functioning in non-retarded autistic and schizophrenic children. 358 97

Infantile autism is a developmental disability characterized by onset of disturbances in social and language development before the age of 30 months. It must be distinguished from several disorders, including mental retardation and schizophrenia. Most evidence supports an organic basis for the syndrome. Treatment consists of training in language and communication skills, behavioral modification and, occasionally, chemotherapy. Supportive counseling and education for parents are vital to treatment. The prognosis for achieving a life of complete independence is poor.
 ...
PMID:Infantile autism. 371 67

The general finding of this cross-national survey is that, contrary to expectation, professionals in the United States, irrespective of discipline, are more convinced that infantile autism is caused primarily by genetic/organic factors when compared to European professionals. Psychiatrists in the U.S.A. give priority to organic factors (97%), followed by constitutional factors (84%), genetic factors (77%), and metabolic disorders (58%). With psychologists and other professionals in the U.S.A. the trend is about the same. An analysis of the differences in responses to items on environmental factors, such as birth complications, viral infection, pollution and receptive language problems, again shows that professionals in the United States tend to attribute more importance to these factors than their European counterparts. In general, half of the Europeans believe in the importance of these factors as compared to professionals in the U.S.A. It is only when we deal with parental psychopathology that we find a reversal in trends. If we combine the "somewhat important" and "highly important," 35% of psychiatrists in the United States and 54% of psychiatrists in Europe indicate that parental psychopathology may be a factor in infantile autism. For psychologists, the percentages were 26% and 50% respectively. No difference was found when "other professionals" in the U.S.A. and Europe were compared. There are some contradictions in the findings. While the responses of 97% of the psychiatrists in the U.S.A. point to organic factors as being "somewhat" and "highly important" in the causation of infantile autism, 36% of them indicate that parental psychopathology might have some influence on the illness. Thus, while almost 100% of psychiatrists subscribe to an organic origin of the illness, about one third of them are still not willing to completely discount parental contribution. The 12th etiology which was added, "cultural factors," was considered to be of least importance. It is assumed that the respondents might have missed the implications of the question. For a discussion of the sociocultural aspects of infantile autism, the reader is referred to a number of papers published in this area (Sanua, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985). As an analogy, there is still some controversy about the universality of the existence of schizophrenia. In a review of the literature on the subject, Torrey (1973) concluded that "process" schizophrenia is found in all cultures which have been exposed to Western technology. He points out the need to conduct well-planned field surveys of the prevalence among groups that are in varying stages of exposure to Western technology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:A comparative study of opinions of U.S.A. and European professionals on the etiology of infantile autism. 373 45

Developmental psychopathology constitutes a research strategy that is concerned with questions about continuities and discontinuities over time (the developmental perspective) and over the span of behavioural variation (the psychopathological perspective). The utility of this approach is discussed in relation to childhood depression, autism and schizophrenia, and the effects of adverse life experiences.
 ...
PMID:Child psychiatry: the interface between clinical and developmental research. 396 Oct 41

302 mentally retarded adults, sampled by epidemiological criteria, were examined with regard to handicaps, behaviour, skills and psychopathology by use of the MRC HBS-schedule and a list of psychiatric items. Based on research criteria, a computerized psychiatric diagnosis was made on a hierarchial scale. A psychiatric disorder was diagnosed in 85 (27.1%), which is a smaller prevalence rate than found in other studies. Next to behaviour disorder (10.9%), psychosis of uncertain type (5%) was the most common disorder. Dementia and early childhood autism were found equally often (3.6% each). Neurosis was seldom (2%), while schizophrenia (1.3%) and affective disorder (1.7%) occurred at about the same rates as found in similar investigations. No cases of alcohol or drug abuse were found.
 ...
PMID:The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in mentally retarded adults. 408 61

According to monoaminergic hypothesis of psychosis, several symptoms observed in child autism may be related to anomalies of cerebral amines and/or synaptic dysfunctioning. The main amines concerned are serotonin and dopamine which are synthetized and catabolized following similar schemes. Methyl-indolamines production, mentioned in adult schizophrenia, has not been observed in child autism. Similarly, monoaminoxydase diminution has been observed in adults and not in children. Hyperserotoninemia does exist in some cases of child autism. Results concerning dopaminergic systems are more promising. The autistic behavioral syndrome suggests a dopaminergic dysfunctioning. Enhancement of homovanillic acid, the main metabolite of dopamine, has been found both in cerebrospinal fluid and in urines of some autistic children. Moreover, modifications of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme that changes dopamine into noradrenaline, have been mentioned in some cases of autism. A better definition of the autistic clinical syndromes associated with a more systematic study of monoamines plasmatic and urinary derivates will allow, in the near future, a better understanding of child autism and a clearer definition of therapeutic indications.
 ...
PMID:[Monoamine and monoamine enzyme abnormalities in childhood autism]. 631 36

Hypothalamo-pituitary functions were examined in thirteen children with behavioral disorders (six with hyperkinesia, four with autism, two with tic and one with schizophrenia) before and during treatment with pimozide, an antidopaminergic drug. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) basal serum PRL level (24.5 +/- 4.2 ng/ml) during pimozide treatment was significantly higher than that (12.4 +/- 3.2 ng/ml) before treatment. Hyperresponse of PRL to TSH releasing hormone (TRH) was observed in five (three with hyperkinesia, one with tic and one with autism) of the thirteen patients before treatment and in seven (four with hyperkinesia, two with autism and one with tic) during treatment. Mean TSH response during treatment was not significantly different from that before treatment. However, three of the four autistic children showed hyperresponse of TSH to TRH before treatment, whereas only one also showed a hyperresponse during treatment. The pimozide treatment had no demonstrable influence on GH or cortisol secretion in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, or on serum T4 and T3 levels.
 ...
PMID:Influence of pimozide on hypothalamo-pituitary function in children with behavioral disorders. 642 90

The time courses of changes in amplitudes of muscle action potentials (MAPs) obtained from gastrocnemius and soleus muscles by 5 Hz prolonged tibial nerve stimulation were studied. Subjects included muscular dystrophy (MD), spinal muscular atrophy, Issacs syndrome, idiopathic muscle spasms, psychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, and normal controls. In normal subjects, MAPs obtained at 5 minutes from gastrocnemius muscles was 87-102% of those at initiation of the stimulation. In soleus muscles, MAPs at 5 minutes was 95-105% of those at the beginning. In gastrocnemius muscles, MAPs increased in disorders such as Duchenne MD, Fukuyama type congenital MD, facioscapulohumeral MD, myotonic dystrophy, dermatomyositis, Kugelberg-Welander syndrome, viral myelitis, malignant hyperpyrexia, autism and schizophrenia. In soleus muscles, the increase of MAPs was demonstrated in Duchenne MD, Fukuyama type congenital MD, myotonic dystrophy and autism. MAPs remained within normal range in infants with Werdnig-Hoffman disease, Issacs syndrome and idiopathic muscle spasms. In two cases with Duchenne MD, MAPs obtained from gastrocnemius muscles reduced in amplitudes by the administration of dantrolen sodium. While the pathogenesis of the increased MAPs is not clear, several possible factors are discussed. It is considered that this 5 Hz examination may provide an important information for detecting the effect of dantrolen sodium on Duchenne MD, and it is also suggested that the examination will be a useful test for finding latent malignant hyperpyrexia.
 ...
PMID:Increased muscle action potentials by 5 Hz prolonged nerve stimulation in neurological and neuromuscular disorders--clinical usefulness for detecting underlying pathophysiology. 648 78

The results of the study of 29 patients (25 boys and 4 girls) aged 4-11 years suffering from schizophrenia with manic disturbances are reviewed. These conditions were characterized by the absence of affect vitality, its homogeneity in the presence of emotional deficiency, dissociation of the manic syndrome, combination with autism, mental infantilism, superworship formations and neurosis-like disturbances. Four variants of chronic manias have been specified: benevolent, mischievous, hyperdynamic and hypomania with monotonous activity.
 ...
PMID:[Protracted maniacal disorders in schizophrenic children]. 650 63

Research on risk factors for schizophrenia is reviewed with emphasis on children of schizophrenic parents. As children of schizophrenic parents are not representative of the majority of individuals who become schizophrenic, examination of variables such as those relating to home environment or parental characteristics in these children is not expected to contribute greatly to an understanding of risk for schizophrenia or to the search for early indicators of a genetic liability, whereas study of selected biobehavioral variables may do so. Four areas of biobehavioral functioning that have been examined in high-risk research are discussed. Three of these are considered to be compatible with the hypothesis of a neurointegrative defect underlying schizophrenia-proneness and to be promising for further research.
J Autism Dev Disord 1984 Dec
PMID:Biobehavioral risk factors in children of schizophrenic parents. 652 92


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>