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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the integration of descriptive and interpersonal approaches to mental illness. Much of the impetus for this stems from the introduction in 1980 of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (DSM-III) (American Psychiatric Association 1980), with subsequent research and clinical reports documenting important interactions between Axis I syndromes and Axis II personality trait factors. While many research efforts have described comorbidity in affective and anxiety disorders, less attention has been directed toward clarifying the relationships between stable and enduring character traits and Axis I symptoms in schizophrenia. In this paper we propose that schizophrenic patients display both adaptive and pathological personality traits throughout the illness, and that clinical and research efforts to address the interactions between syndromic and personality factors ("trait-state" interactions) will further our understanding of patterns of symptom presentation and treatment response in these patients.
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PMID:Personality traits in schizophrenia. 756 41

A total of 500 consecutive psychiatric referrals from the Accident and Emergency (A&D) Department of the National University Hospital of Singapore were studied with regard to their demographic characteristics, diagnoses, presenting problems and management. There were 314 females (62.8%) and 186 males (37.2%), and the mean age of subjects was 35.5 years. The three main diagnoses were anxiety disorders (25.6%), depression (19.4%) and schizophrenia (17.6%). About 41% were admitted, of whom two-fifths were initially admitted to the medical ward because of drug overdose or alcohol intoxication. A further 34% were treated as out-patients, and 21% were discharged.
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PMID:Psychiatric referrals from an accident and emergency department in Singapore. 758 6

Gender differences in diagnosis, demographic and family characteristics, and trauma histories among psychiatric outpatients at a Veterans Affairs clinic were examined. Among the 51 women and 46 men, significantly more women had affective disorders and schizoaffective disorder; significantly more men had anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. Although women had sharply higher rates than men of every type of trauma except combat trauma, more male veterans received a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Men were four times more likely to be married. Women were more likely than men to be the sole caretakers of minor children. These differences have important treatment and policy implications. The findings confirm that recently initiated VA programs recognize important treatment needs of female veterans.
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PMID:Mental health care needs of female veterans. 868 82

The lifetime co-morbidity of major psychiatric disorders among male alcoholics was examined with the structured Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview (PDI), which was administered to 928 patients undergoing alcoholism treatment at six Veterans Administration Medical Centers. Thirty-eight percent were positive for alcoholism only; 62% fulfilled inclusive lifetime diagnostic criteria for at least one other additional psychiatric syndrome. Thirty percent satisfied criteria for one additional syndrome; 16% for two additional syndromes; 12% for three; and 4% for four or more disorders in addition to alcoholism. Depression and antisocial personality were the most frequently identified co-occurring syndromes (36% and 24%, respectively) followed by drug abuse and mania (17% each). The additional psychiatric syndromes in this sample were clearly not randomly distributed; instead, certain disorders tended to cluster together such as: drug abuse and antisocial personality; mania and depression; depression and anxiety disorder; and schizophrenia and affective disorder. Implications for classification and treatment are discussed.
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PMID:Co-morbidity of lifetime psychiatric disorder among male alcoholic patients. 769 19

Using a brain-dedicated triple-headed single-photon emission tomography (SPET) system, a sequential whole-volume imaging protocol has been devised to evaluate the regional distribution of iodine-123 iomazenil binding to GABAA receptors in the entire brain. The protocol was piloted in eight normal volunteers (seven males and one female; mean age, 24.8 +/- 3.9 years). The patterns obtained were largely compatible with the known distribution of GABAA receptors in the brain as reported in autoradiographic studies, with cerebral cortical regions, particularly the occipital and frontal cortices, displaying the highest 123I-iomazenil uptake. Measures of time to peak uptake and tracer washout rates presented with the same pattern of regional variation, with later times to peak and slower washout rates in cortical regions compared to other brain areas. Semiquantitative analysis of the data using white matter/ventricle regions as reference demonstrated a plateau of specific 123I-iomazenil binding in neocortical and cerebellar regions from 60-75 min onwards. These data demonstrate the feasibility of sequential, dynamic whole-volume 123I-iomazenil SPET imaging. The protocol may be particularly useful in the investigation of neuropsychiatric conditions which are likely to involve more than one focus of GABA abnormalities, such as anxiety disorders and schizophrenia.
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PMID:In vivo imaging of GABAA receptors using sequential whole-volume iodine-123 iomazenil single-photon emission tomography. 769 49

The purpose of the study was to study the influence of life events on adolescent patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Twenty one hospitalized adolescent inpatients with severe anorexia nervosa were compared with 79 adolescent nonanorectic psychiatric inpatients and 40 healthy adolescents for stressful life events throughout their lives. The nonanorectic patients suffered from schizophrenia, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, borderline personality disorder or conduct disorder. The assessment of the contribution of life events to the development of anorexia and the control mental disorders was based on semistructured interviewing of the patients, their parents and the patients' therapists. The instrument used was that developed by Pfeffer. The anorectic patients showed significantly higher negative life event scores than healthy controls in all the areas of life events examined. In addition, they showed significantly more negative life events concerning parents than patients in the other psychiatric diagnostic categories. These findings have relevance for the growing literature on the association between eating disorders and certain forms of child abuse.
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PMID:Life events and severe anorexia nervosa in adolescence. 775 87

The function of the neuromodulator, adenosine, has been thoroughly examined during the last two decades. Adenosine inhibits the release of several neurotransmitters and endogenous adenosine is supposed to have sedative and anticonvulsive properties. Lately, it has been discussed whether neuropsychiatric disorders could be treated with adenosynergic drugs. In patients with anxiety disorder a first clinical trial with the reuptake inhibitor dipyridamole was not successful. Disorders of the basal ganglia and schizophrenia might be positively influenced by newly developed A2-receptor ligands. A1-receptor agonists might prove to be neuroprotective; they also could be of importance in the treatment of epilepsy. Selective A1-receptor antagonists might be used in the treatment of depressive disorders and of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, is widely used in the treatment of migraine; more selective antagonists would provide a more powerful treatment.
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PMID:[Perspectives on the therapy of neuropsychiatric diseases with adenosinergic substances]. 775 49

Twenty-two normal undergraduate men were administered either d-amphetamine (0.2 mg/kg or 0.4 mg/kg) or placebo in a double-blind, counterbalanced design. The test sessions were exactly three weeks apart and included, among other measures, the Rorschach test. Rorschach anxiety and thought disorder variables were measured under drug and placebo conditions. The results suggest that amphetamine causes an increase in Rorschach anxiety indices but does not elevate Rorschach indices of thought disorder. The observed dissociation of anxiety and thought disorder on the Rorschach has implications for the role of the Rorschach in studying anxiety disorders and schizophrenic disorders.
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PMID:Amphetamine on Rorschach measures in normal subjects. 776 Feb 56

Direct, blind interviews were used to study the risk for and prevalence of DSM-III-R Axis I and II disorders in 93 first-degree relatives of outpatients with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and outpatients with other personality disorders. Risks for SPD (at a slightly loosened diagnostic threshold) and schizoid personality disorder were significantly higher in the families of probands with SPD. Schizophrenia was present only among relatives of probands with SPD, accounting for a morbid risk of 4.1 percent. Neither familial risks for mood and anxiety disorders nor the prevalence of other Axis II disorders significantly differed in the two groups of relatives. It is suggested that SPD is a familial disorder representing a phenotypic expression of liability to schizophrenia.
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PMID:A family study of schizotypal disorder. 777 Jul 39

With on exception, previous studies examining the familial relationship between schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and schizophrenia have compared rates of SPD in relatives of probands with schizophrenia versus control probands. In the Roscommon Family Study, an epidemiologically based family study of major psychiatric disorders conducted in the west of Ireland, we used a Cox proportional hazards model to examine the impact of a parental diagnosis of SPD on the risk for psychiatric disorders in siblings of probands with schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In siblings of probands with schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum, a parental diagnosis of SPD significantly increased the risk for schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but not for affective illness or anxiety disorders. These findings replicate our previous results from the Roscommon Family Study, further supporting the hypothesis that SPD has a substantial familial relationship with schizophrenia and other schizophrenia spectrum disorders, but not with affective illness.
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PMID:Schizotypal personality disorder in parents and the risk for schizophrenia in siblings. 777 Jul 40


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