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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alcohol dependence and abuse have been commonly found to coexist with other psychiatric disorders. In order to further investigate this relationship two populations with combined dysfunctional alcohol use and psychiatric illness were studied, one at an alcohol treatment centre and one at a general hospital psychiatric service. Sixty of the 63 people screened at the alcohol treatment centre and 41 of the 43 people with an alcohol problem at the psychiatric unit, met the combined criteria, thus confirming that a very high proportion of people with alcohol problems, and who present for treatment, also have additional psychiatric disorders. The two sample populations were similar on sociodemographic variables. There were differences in the types of psychiatric disorders occurring at the two treatment centres with depression predominating at the psychiatric unit and anxiety disorders occurring more frequently at the alcohol treatment facility. Both samples showed a high rate of schizophrenia. The sample at the alcohol treatment centre showed higher levels of alcohol consumption and had higher rates of problems associated with alcohol. Service delivery issues are discussed in relation to these results. The importance of psychiatric symptoms in both the genesis of dysfunctional drinking and in service utilisation are highlighted.
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PMID:Alcoholism and psychiatric disorder in patients who present to different services in Wellington. 281 92

Fear is an adaptive response of the organism to external threat and the physiologic and behavioral responses to stimuli that induce fear involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Drugs that alter the function of two of the major brain monoamine neurotransmitter systems involved in sympathetic nervous system regulation (NE and 5-HT) have been shown to alter levels of "fear and anxiety" in laboratory animals, healthy humans, and patients. The relative clinical efficacy in the treatment of anxiety disorders with many of these drugs also emphasizes the importance of these two systems in anxiety. Recent advances in neuropharmacology have led to an improved understanding of how drugs that interact at specific NE and 5-HT receptors alter the function of these two neurotransmitter systems, and a few of the drugs that selectively interact at NE and 5-HT receptors have been used in studies of patients with anxiety disorders. Stimulation of the 5-HT system does not produce marked abnormalities in patients, but stimulation of the NE system does produce abnormal changes in measures of anxiety, somatic symptoms, blood pressure, and a plasma NE metabolite and cortisol levels in patients with panic disorder but not in patients with generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, or schizophrenia. This indicates that some patients with panic disorder have an abnormality in the regulation of the NE system that could explain many of the clinical features of this syndrome. Progress in assessing neurochemistry in the brains of living patients through brain imaging and new advances in the molecular biology of neurotransmitter receptor proteins will offer important new methods to be used in the study of these possible abnormalities.
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PMID:Monoamine receptor systems and anxiety disorders. 284 38

Although beta-adrenoceptor antagonists such as propranolol have been used in neuropsychiatry for more than 20 years, their indications, extent of efficacy, and place in therapy remain unclear. In this overview, which concentrates on the recent literature, four indications for use of the drugs are reviewed, with particular reference to efficacy, mode of action, and clinical utility. The indications are anxiety disorders, including performance anxiety; schizophrenia; aggressive behavior; and akathisia. The author concludes that beta-blockers are useful in some forms of anxiety disorder, perhaps those characterized by somatic symptoms and by performance anxiety, and that akathisia seems to be responsive to those drugs. However, the use of high doses of beta-blockers in schizophrenia remains unestablished, and insufficient data are available with respect to their use in aggressive behavior.
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PMID:Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in neuropsychiatry: an update. 289 59

Considerable evidence suggests that patients with anxiety disorders have secondary depression, and somewhat less evidence suggests that secondary alcoholism is seen in anxiety disorder. Such illnesses as manic-depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and hysteria are likely to be associated with secondary anxiety syndromes. Considerable data support the idea that within families of anxiety disorder patients alcoholism is seen more frequently than would be expected by chance and that within families of alcoholics anxiety disorders are seen more frequently than would be expected by chance. These findings suggest a difference in expressivity for the same familial propensity.
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PMID:Anxiety disorders. Relationships to other psychiatric illness. 304 1

Psychopharmacological treatments of major psychiatric disorders during adolescence, including depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit disorder, are reviewed. Pharmacokinetic and psychological aspects specific to adolescence, which if ignored may impair or abolish drug efficacy, are examined. Recommendations are given for safe use of tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and neuroleptics in this age group. Areas where future research is needed to make rational pharmacological choices are noted.
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PMID:Pharmacological treatment of adolescent psychiatric disorders. 310 18

The involvement of central serotonergic mechanisms in the organisation of human sleep has been confirmed in several single and multiple-dose clinico-pharmacological studies with the specific serotonin-S2-antagonist ritanserin. The pronounced thymosthenic effect observed with this compound in patients suffering from dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder and negative symptoms of schizophrenia can possibly be attributed to a restoration of the energetic function during the night as a consequence of a dramatic increase in slow wave sleep during treatment with ritanserin.
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PMID:The relevance of pharmacological studies to sleep research in psychiatry. 312 46

We examine whether the variation in outcome in schizophrenia is associated with differences in familial psychopathology. We begin with a methodologically oriented review of the large number of previous studies that have addressed this question. Although some trends are evident, the findings are variable. Most of the studies have important methodologic limitations. We then examine the relationship between short-term outcome and four dimensions of long-term outcome in 253 DSM-III schizophrenics and psychiatric illness in their 723 first-degree relatives. No relationship is found between any dimension of outcome in schizophrenics and risk in their relatives for schizophrenia, all nonaffective psychoses, bipolar illness, or anxiety disorder. A marital outcome of divorce was strongly associated with a family history of alcoholism. Good long-term marital, residential, and occupational outcomes were positively correlated with the risk for unipolar illness in relatives. These results do not support the hypothesis that poor outcome schizophrenia is the "genetic" form of the disorder. However, they are compatible with the hypothesis that the liability to affective illness may influence outcome in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Outcome and familial psychopathology in schizophrenia. 328 26

Brain imaging is increasingly applied in psychiatry, both for clinical evaluation and as a research tool. Computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have documented that structural brain abnormalities occur in some types of psychiatric patients, particularly those who suffer from schizophrenia. Dynamic imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have documented decreased temporoparietal activity in Alzheimer's disease, hypofrontality in schizophrenia, and a variety of abnormalities in affective and anxiety disorders. These techniques promise to teach us a great deal about the underlying neural mechanisms in mental illness.
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PMID:Evaluation of brain imaging techniques in mental illness. 328 80

The treatment of 198 psychiatrically disabled patients with stereotactic cingulotomy was evaluated prospectively for a mean follow-up of 8.6 years. Patients with major affective disorders and anxiety disorders fared the best, with a return to normal functioning in the majority. Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders improved less predictably, with an uneven improvement in functioning that required active ongoing psychiatric treatment. Low mortality and morbidity, a reduction of violent behavior, a possible reduction of suicidal risk, and a lessening of the intractable suffering of chronic psychiatric illness all indicate that cingulotomy can be an effective, safe treatment for patients with affective disorders that are unresponsive to all other forms of therapy.
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PMID:Treatment of psychiatric illness by stereotactic cingulotomy. 330 Jul 91

The authors compared the hypnotizability of 65 Vietnam veteran patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to that of a normal control group and four patient samples using the Hypnotic Induction Profile. The patients with PTSD had significantly higher hypnotizability scores than patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia (N = 23); major depression, bipolar disorder--depressed, and dysthymic disorder (N = 56); and generalized anxiety disorder (N = 18) and the control sample (N = 83). This finding supports the hypothesis that dissociative phenomena are mobilized as defenses both during and after traumatic experiences. The literature suggests that spontaneous dissociation, imagery, and hypnotizability are important components of PTSD symptoms.
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PMID:Dissociation and hypnotizability in posttraumatic stress disorder. 334 45


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