Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this paper, I introduce the philosophical notion of strong emergence and argue that it is almost exclusively applied to properties related to (conscious) subjective experience. Contrary to the still common attitude of refraining anxiously from these topics, I argue that we have a promising scientific approach to them: the cognitive neurosciences. I list a spectrum of interesting, potentially strongly emergent properties already investigated, and discuss the example of volition in more detail. Psychiatric disorders, like antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, and obsessive compulsive disorder, open new ways for understanding aspects of volition such as willed action, decision making, and agency. I conclude that the notion of strong emergence is only a preliminary label which, however, might be understood as a challenge for empirical scientists to explain and understand phenomena related to subjectivity and consciousness.
 ...
PMID:Emergence and the cognitive neuroscience approach to psychiatry. 975 23

This study examines gender and racial differences among Missouri insanity acquittees, which included 42 African American females, 279 African American males, 63 Caucasian females, and 458 Caucasian males. Significant differences across the four groups were not found in age, current marital status, a diagnosis of borderline intellectual functioning/mental retardation, committing crimes of assault and burglary, and whether insanity acquittees ever received conditional releases to reside in the community. Some variations across the four gender/race categories were related to race (diagnoses of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and other Axis I diagnoses), but variations were more frequently related to gender (whether ever married; diagnoses of substance abuse, sexual disorders, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and any personality disorder; committing crimes of murder, sexual offenses, and serious offenses; and current residential status). African American males were identified as being an at-risk population. They were the most likely to have a schizophrenia diagnosis, a substance abuse diagnosis, an antisocial personality disorder diagnosis, and to be hospitalized on the survey date. Implications for treatment and future research are explored.
 ...
PMID:An examination of gender and racial differences among Missouri insanity acquittees. 978 85

The etiology of the high prevalence of substance use disorders in patients with severe mental illness (schizophrenia or bipolar disorder) is unclear. We review the evidence of different theories of increased comorbidity, organized according to four general models: common factor models, secondary substance use disorder models, secondary psychiatric disorder models, and bidirectional models. Among common factor models, evidence suggests that antisocial personality disorder accounts for some increased comorbidity. Among secondary substance use disorder models, there is support for the supersensitivity model, which posits that biological vulnerability of psychiatric disorders results in sensitivity to small amounts of alcohol and drugs, leading to substance use disorders. There is minimal support for the self-medication model, but the accumulation of multiple risk factors related to mental illness, including dysphoria, may increase the risk of substance use disorder. Secondary psychiatric disorder models remain to be convincingly demonstrated. Bidirectional models have not been systematically examined. Further clarification of etiologic factors, including the identification of subtypes of dual diagnosis, may have implications for developing more effective prevention efforts and treatment.
 ...
PMID:Dual diagnosis: a review of etiological theories. 980 12

This paper reviews the current state of the debate on the relationship between mental disorder and violent behaviour. Starting from the discussion of methodological approaches to assessing a possible association, the most important studies carried out on the issue in recent years are discussed. Their results concur in supporting the assumption that there is a moderate but reliable association between mental disorder and violence. However, this does not imply that people with mental illness are generally more likely to commit violent acts than members of the general population. An elevated risk of violent behaviour is only evident for specific psychiatric diagnoses and for particular symptom constellations. For schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, a significant increase in the likelihood to commit violent acts is reported. Substance use disorder and antisocial personality disorder, however, represent a markedly higher risk for violent behaviour. The article further discusses possible determinant of violent behaviour such as psychotic symptoms and comorbidity with substance abuse, and considers who is at particular risk of becoming a target of violent acts.
 ...
PMID:[Mentally ill patients--a danger?]. 981 99

This paper reviews the current state of the debate on the relationship between mental disorder and violent behaviour. Starting from the discussion of methodological approaches to assessing a possible association, the most important studies carried out on the issue in recent years are discussed. Their results concur in supporting the assumption that there is a moderate but reliable association between mental disorder and violence. However, this does not imply that people with mental illness are generally more likely to commit violent acts than members of the general population. An elevated risk of violent behaviour is only evident for specific psychiatric diagnoses and symptom constellations. For schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, a significant increase in the likelihood to commit violent acts is reported. Substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, however, represent a markedly higher risk for violent behaviour. The article further discusses possible determinants of violent behaviour such as psychotic symptoms and comorbidity with substance abuse and considers who is at particular risk of becoming a target of violent acts.
 ...
PMID:The psychiatric epidemiology of violent behaviour. 985 75

The Iowa record-linkage study was developed to investigate death rates in psychiatric patients, and involved computer matching of death certificates with a roster of patients. A list of all patients admitted to our hospital from 1972 through 1981 was obtained and after removing duplicate entries the list was pared to 5412 names. The record included multiple identifiers (e.g., name, gender, date-of-birth, hospital number). This information was then linked by computer with all Iowa death certificates for the same period; a total of 331 deaths were identified. Patients were assigned to a single psychiatric diagnostic category based on a computer program that reviewed each patient's clinical diagnoses and picked the one with the highest priority in a hierarchy we had created. Age and sex adjusted mortality tables were constructed, allowing us to compute expected numbers of deaths. Relative risk for premature death was greatest among women, and those under 20 years. Risk was associated with all psychiatric diagnoses and was significantly higher among patients of either gender with an organic mental disorder or schizophrenia; women with acute schizophrenia, depressive neuroses, alcoholism, drug abuse, and psychophysiological disorders; and men with neuroses. Death from natural causes, especially from heart disease, was significantly excessive among women, while death from accidents and suicides was excessive for both men and women. The overall SMR was 1.65 (P < 0.001). Most importantly, we found that the greatest excess of mortality occurred within the first 2 years following hospital discharge. Thus, we were able to demonstrate that risk of mortality in general, and of suicide specifically, differed according to age, gender, diagnosis, and portion of the follow-up. We have subsequently used this method to investigate specific risk factors associated with mortality in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and antisocial personality disorder. Findings from these studies are reported.
 ...
PMID:Iowa record-linkage study: death rates in psychiatric patients. 985 87

The paper presents the results of examination of 61 patients aged 7-15 years with impulse-control disorders (drive) within psychopathy-like syndrome in slow progredient schizophrenia or in residual-organic disorders of CNS. 4 types of impulse-control disorders were identified: 1) drives concerning mainly instincts' disorders (enhanced physiologic drives, perversive physiologic drives); 2) drives due to disorders of will (the impulsive drives, the precursors of the impulsive drives); 3) the obsessive drives; 4) "social" forms of altered drives. In the group of schizophrenic patients prevailed disturbances of drives concerning the instinctive sphere (97.9%) and seldom "social" forms (2.1%) were ovserwed. In the patients with residual-organic CNS damage the "social" forms were quite frequent (50%) as well as disorders of will (45.8%), but disorders of instincts (4.2%) occurred rarely. Children and adolescent had often incomplete drives in the form of precursors of the impulsive drives.
 ...
PMID:[Types of impulse control disorders in children and adolescents]. 986 52

Approaches to diagnosing schizophrenia are different. There is a distinct tendency either to narrow the limits of the disease or to expand it, which in some cases leads to a disagreement and even a tendency to disputes. The comprehensive studies conducted in the Mental Health Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, have provided an overall notion of the disease in terms of its progression and outcome. The clinical picture of schizophrenia is characterized by obligatory specific disorders, such as autism, reduced energy potential, emotional thinking, and behavioral disorders. Personality changes may be seen as the smoothening of specific personality traits and the appearance of the features that are not inherent to the patients in the past. Schizophernia is also characterized by positive psychopathological syndromes: pseudoneurotic, affective, psychopathy-like, hallucinatory-paranoid and catatonic. A study of 7500 patients with schizophrenia demonstrated that there were clear-cut regularities in the development of the disease, which suggest that there are forms and types in its progression. The study identified 3 forms of development: continuous, recurrent, and attack-like progressive with varying degrees and rates of the process (severe, moderate, and mild). Genealogical and clinicogenetic studies demonstrated accumulation of psychoses and abnormal personalities in the families of probands, manifest and slowly progressive forms of schizophrenia and cases of schizoid psychopathy. Among the wide spectrum of pathogenetic concepts, priority should be given to the dopamine hypothesis, whose main point is accumulation of an excessive amount of dopamine in the brain tissue, especially in the nigrostriatal, mesocortical, and mesolimbic systems. This may lead to activation of dopaminergic brain structures with an increase of dopamine receptors. This hypothesis is confirmed by the neuropathological studies demonstrating a significant increase in the numerical density of the dendritic spines and dendritic trunks in the with layer of the prefrontal cortex. The highest index of the numerical density was observed in young patients with prevalent negative disorders. Inasmuch as there is no correlation of this index with the duration of the disease, it can be concluded that the abundance of synaptical connections is a result of disturbed brain development and a factor predisposing to severe progression of schizophrenia. Treatment modalities are determined by the form and rate of progression of and the pattern of the psychopathological syndrome. Of particular importance is the role of age, somatic state, and individual sensitivity to neuroleptic drugs. Another important factor in the treatment of schizophrenia is a simultaneous or consecutive impact on the psychopathological syndrome and the disease as a whole.
 ...
PMID:[Current concept of schizophrenia: state of the art]. 1007 55

The heterogeneity of signs and symptoms of alcohol disorder was examined in a community sample of 1,955 persons with either alcohol disorder alone or alcohol disorder plus one of four categories of major mental disorder (antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, affective disorder, anxiety disorder). When all diagnostic categories were combined, persons with comorbid mental and alcohol disorders showed evidence of more severe alcohol-related symptoms than did persons with alcohol disorder alone. Distinct symptom patterns distinguished the four diagnostic groups, reflecting heterogeneity in the manifestation of comorbid alcohol disorder. Most notably, comorbid antisocial personality disorder and schizophrenia were associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption and more severe social consequences of alcohol use. These findings substantiate the need for development of specialized dual diagnosis programs and suggest that additional specialization may be required to address diagnostic group differences in the characteristics of comorbid alcohol disorder.
 ...
PMID:Symptom heterogeneity in comorbid alcohol disorder. 1017 13

In the period from 1989 to 1998, 98 patients with suicidal tricyclic antidepressants poisoning were treated, including 47 men and 51 women from 16 to 74 (mean 35) years old. Thirty persons were poisoned by tricyclic antidepressants, in 68 remaining cases intoxications were mixed eg. including tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines, phenothiazines, barbiturates, alcohol, amizepine, salicylates. The main causes of suicides were various kinds of depression (66%) as well as psychopathy and sociopathy (18%). Twenty patients attempted repeatedly to commit suicide. These were mainly patients suffering from endogenous depression, psychopathy and schizophrenia. In the examined group five patients died (5%) but three women out of them were aged, suffered from congestive heart failure and were poisoned with tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazepines and barbiturates.
 ...
PMID:[Suicidal poisoning with tricyclic antidepressants]. 1046 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10