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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Study of the premanifest period in 65 patients with schizophrenia that first manifested in old age by the "involutional paranoid" syndrome demonstrated that most patients presented signs of a torpid (17.5%) or a latent (68%) course of the schizophrenic process already in young or middle age. In only 14.5% of cases the pre-manifest period was characterized by personality accentuation. Analysis of cases of the latent course of the disease has made it possible to distinguish three main variants of its clinical manifestations: hypoparanoid, psychopathy-like and neurosis-like. On the basis of these findings a conclusion can be drawn that most of the cases of schizophrenia manifested in old age by the syndrome of involutional paranoid belong to a group of diseases with an early onset, prolonged torpid or latent course, and with increased progression of the process in advanced age.
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PMID:[Characteristics of the premanifest period of late schizophrenia with the picture of an involutional paranoid]. 342 79

Twenty persons with schizophrenia were identified in a community sample of 2144 adult household residents interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The hierarchy-free lifetime prevalence for a variety of psychiatric disorders is compared in those with and without schizophrenia. Those with schizophrenia were found to have increased chances of having other disorders, all except one having had at least one other disorder. Major depressive episodes, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, alcohol abuse/dependence and drug abuse/dependence, each occurred in over half of the schizophrenics, and panic disorder, antisocial personality, and mania were each found in one sixth to one quarter of the schizophrenics. Although current diagnostic systems generally lack an empirical basis for hierarchies, the practical significance of co-morbidity must be determined from outcome studies, familial morbid risk data and possible differential effects of treatments.
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PMID:Schizophrenia: lifetime co-morbidity in a community sample. 349 58

The history of adoption studies and their use in separating heredity from environmental influences is reviewed. The adoptee separation paradigm became possible through changing social practices which formalized adoption procedures. In the earlier past of this century, the technique was used principally to investigate the relative importance of heredity and environment in the determination of IQ. It was not until the sixties that the technique was used to study the role of heredity in psychopathology. Genetic factors in alcoholism, criminality, personality disorders, antisocial personality, somatization disorder, affective disorder, hyperactivity and schizophrenia were assessed. The review analyses the potential interactions of confounding variables in such studies and how these can be controlled, and discusses the major methodological criticisms which have been raised. Although the predominant interest has been in the use of the technique to define genetic etiological factors in psychopathology, the paradigm is equally able to delineate precisely the role of environmental factors while controlling for heredity. With about 1 per cent of populations being adopted in Western countries, the further scope for such studies continues to hold promise.
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PMID:Adoption studies: historical and methodological critique. 351 48

Psychogenias of the refusal reaction type observed in long-term stages of torpid schizophrenia in patients with marked negative changes and decreased fitness for work were subjected to clinical analysis. The results obtained suggest that such reactions are caused by the altered "background" in the form of distorted manifestations of psychic infantilism expressed here as a peculiar psychopathy-like defect of a "passively dependent personality disturbance" type. The study has made it possible to specify the psychopathologic structure of psychogenic states of the refusal reaction type which includes, apart from a characteristic psychogenic complex, anxiety depression in combination with signs of motor inhibition, as well as varying disturbances with refusal characteristics, attended by "evasive behaviour".
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PMID:[Psychogenias of the refusal reaction type in patients with slowly progressive schizophrenia]. 361 41

Using a structured interview and four questionnaires we examined the sexual development and life in the following groups of psychiatric female patients: 51 with schizophrenia, 50 with manic-depressive psychoses, 50 with neuroses, 30 with hysterical psychopathic personality, and 20 with anorexia nervosa. The results were compared with a control group of 101 gynecological spa patients. The sexual development of the schizophrenic patients was found to be retarded, whereas that of the patients with anorexia nervosa accelerated in the initial stages. The sexual development of patients with hysterical personality was found to be disharmonious. No differences were found between patients with manic-depressive psychoses and the control group as far as the sex life in adulthood is concerned. However, all the other groups of psychiatric patients showed decreased sexual activity and/or reactivity. Sexual dysfunctions in the female psychiatric population are frequent, especially with schizophrenic patients, females with anorexia nervosa, and with hysterical personality. The etiological factors responsible for these sex disturbances are different in the individual groups of psychiatric patients.
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PMID:Sexual development and life of psychiatric female patients. 374 Oct 92

The authors analyzed suicide cases recorded over 25 years (1957-1981). Male to female ratio among suicides was 70.90% to 29.10%, with subjects aged over 41 accounting for 68.30% of all cases. Strangulation was the method of realizing suicidal tendencies in 87.50% of cases. The number of suicides tended to increase in spring and summer months (with the peak observed in May) as compared to winter months, with the rise in May, June and July being statistically significant as against the corresponding rate in December, January and February. Among the suicides patients with schizophrenia comprised 34.20%, with chronic alcoholism 29.70%, depressions of various genesis 18.90%, vascular psychoses 5.00%, epilepsy 3.10%, psychopathy 3.90%, somatogenic and posttraumatic psychoses 2.70% and 2.50% respectively. Further efforts are needed to identify individuals with an elevated suicidal risk.
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PMID:[Suicidal actions of the mentally ill]. 377 98

A clinico-psychological study covered 28 children aged 4-13 years with protracted hypomanic states (2-8 years) in 3-10-year-long schizophrenia. The authors investigated peculiarities of the development of cognitive activity (thought and perception). Comparison was made between groups of schizophrenics and control groups (the syndrome of motor disinhibition, schizoid psychopathy). The findings of a clinico-psychological examination have helped to elucidate differences in the development of cognitive activity in the above groups of children which may be used for the differential diagnosis and prognosis of the disease course.
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PMID:[Clinico-psychological examination of children with protracted hypomanic conditions in schizophrenia]. 381 14

A comparative study of the syndrome of fantasy-making was carred out in 65 juvenile delinquents (psychopathy, early organic lesions of the brain, schizophrenia). The authors elucidated nosologically nonspecific signs of pathological fantasy-making (persistent inclination, superworship content of fantasies, readiness to transformation, incorrigible behaviour, etc.), peculiarities of the clinical picture and the time-course of the syndrome in each of the groups. A close correlation was found between the content of fantasies and the nature of antisocial behaviour of adolescents.
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PMID:[Comparative-nosologic characteristics of the fantasizing syndrome in the pubertal crisis period (forensic-psychiatric aspect)]. 395 99

Total or all-cause mortality data were determined from a prospective study of 500 randomly selected psychiatric outpatients during a mean follow-up period of seven years. With the use of age-, sex-, and race-adjusted methods, a mortality nearly twice that expected from reference population rates was observed. Mortality was excessive among younger, but not older, patients; and among white men and women and black men, but not among black women. Certain psychiatric diagnoses (based on structured personal interviews performed at index and using explicit criteria) were associated with excess mortality: alcoholism, antisocial personality, drug addiction, homosexuality, organic brain syndrome, and schizophrenia. Excess mortality was not observed among patients with primary affective disorders, ie, disorders not antedated by nonaffective psychiatric illness.
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PMID:Mortality in a follow-up of 500 psychiatric outpatients. I. Total mortality. 396 52

Seventy one patients with alcoholic liver disease and an equal number with non-alcoholic liver disease were interviewed using the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Forty seven (66%) of the group with alcoholic liver disease had or had had psychiatric illnesses compared with 23 (32%) of the control group (p less than 0.001). Affective disorder, particularly major depression, neurotic disorders, and antisocial personality, were all more common among the patients with alcoholic liver disease than the controls. No patient had schizophrenia or other forms of psychosis. Among the patients with alcoholic liver disease 11 men (24%) and 14 women (54%) had an affective or a neurotic disorder that had antedated their heavy drinking, and 30 (77%) of those who had had such a problem at any time had symptoms at the time of interview. Abstinence from alcohol is essential for patients with severe alcoholic liver disease. In view of the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in these patients psychiatric assessment is important to increase the patients' likelihood of complying with such advice.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in patients with alcoholic liver disease. 641 37


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