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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since its advent, CT scan has been used extensively as an investigatory tool for many psychiatric illnesses. This paper reviews the main literature data concerned with CT scan studies in five different diagnostic groups: schizophrenia, affective disorders, alcoholism, dementia and Huntington's chorea. Measurements of central atrophy, cortical atrophy, cerebellar atrophy and density will be particularly emphasized. Factors that may be responsible for such pathological findings will be discussed.
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PMID:CT scan in psychiatry. A review of the literature. 293 30

Forty-five patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for secondary depression were assessed by St. Louis criteria, and by demographic, illness history, REM latency and dexamethasone suppression test measures. Fully one-third of the RDC secondary sample met St. Louis criteria for primary depression; only age at onset and length of illness discriminated St. Louis primary from secondary depression. RDC depressed patients secondary to alcoholism were compared to those secondary to nonsubstance abuse disorders (excluding schizophrenia). The subgroup with a history of alcoholism reported less severe depression and were preponderantly male. Neither dexamethasone response nor REM latency differentiated the RDC secondary subtypes. Little support was found to validate separation of the RDC secondary subtypes studied.
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PMID:Secondary depression: a comparison among subtypes. 295 9

Considerable evidence suggests that patients with anxiety disorders have secondary depression, and somewhat less evidence suggests that secondary alcoholism is seen in anxiety disorder. Such illnesses as manic-depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and hysteria are likely to be associated with secondary anxiety syndromes. Considerable data support the idea that within families of anxiety disorder patients alcoholism is seen more frequently than would be expected by chance and that within families of alcoholics anxiety disorders are seen more frequently than would be expected by chance. These findings suggest a difference in expressivity for the same familial propensity.
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PMID:Anxiety disorders. Relationships to other psychiatric illness. 304 1

Among custodially remanded male prisoners from Greater London and its surrounds, in 1979-1980, nearly 3% (63 men) were aged 55 or over, about one third of these being over 65. More than 40% were detained on theft charges and few for more serious offences, although serious violence was not unknown and nearly one-fifth of those 65 or over were subsequently convicted of non-violent sexual assaults. Like their younger counterparts, less than one-fifth of those aged 55 or over appeared to be first-time offenders. About half of the men of 55 or over had active symptoms of psychiatric disorder on entering the prison and about half had some form of physical disorder, twice the rates for those under 55. Psychosis and alcoholism were the major psychiatric problems; 27% were alcoholics, to the extent of showing withdrawal symptoms on or soon after entering prison. Schizophrenia was less common than the younger age groups, but affective psychosis more so; 37% of the older men had a major functional psychosis. Two-thirds of the 55-64 age group and over three-quarters of the over 65s were without an address; most of both groups were personally isolated.
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PMID:Elderly offenders. A study of age-related factors among custodially remanded prisoners. 316 68

First- and second-year medical students rated 35 diseases (e.g., cancer, heart attack, herpes, schizophrenia, alcoholism) on nine different rating scales (e.g., prognosis, ease of management). In order to uncover the underlying dimensional structure, mean ratings were subjected to multidimensional scaling analyses in which both diseases and rating scales were placed in the same configuration. The results indicated that a two-dimensional solution, accounting for 97% of the variance, was most appropriate. The first dimension distinguishes between diseases that appear to be more physiological in nature and those that have some psychological involvement as well. The second dimension seems most related to fear, seriousness, prognosis, patient desirability, and ease of management.
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PMID:The dimensional structure of medical students' perceptions of diseases. 317 90

The authors have demonstrated the existence of linear correlation between the complex of three factors (the number of beds and psychiatrists in hospitals and outpatient clinics) and incidence rate (over a period of 16 years) of neuroses in 11 administrative areas, epilepsy, in 12 areas, psychoses, in 15, oligophrenia, in 17, alcoholism and schizophrenia in all 18 areas of Siberia and the Far East. Correlations of each of the three factors with the morbidity rate varied within a wide range in relation to both administrative areas and individual diseases. The authors draw attention to the importance of supplementing the growth of resources of psychiatric service with new forms and methods of work.
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PMID:[Correlation-regression analysis of the influence of psychiatric service resources on the dynamics of detected morbidity in the populations of Siberia and the Far East]. 321 20

Clinical and epidemiological investigations of mentally ill patients in old and new cities of northern Tyumen Province have revealed a substantial and peculiar impact of demographic dynamics on the indices of hospital dynamics. Thus, the schizophrenia morbidity appeared more than threefold lower in fast-developing cities (Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Nefteiugansk) compared to the old ones (Tobolsk, Tyumen). In the former group of cities, the attack form of the disease prevailed. Characteristically, environmental factors played major role in the onset of the disease. The patients were highly adapted in social terms. Alcoholism turned malignant with adaptation disorders progressing rapidly and involving a peculiar type of anosognosia. Alcoholic delirium took shape on the background of an "incomplete" clinical picture of predisposing alcoholism. Adaptation disorders preceded the delirium in which psychotic disorders were colored psycho-organically.
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PMID:[Clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of mental diseases in one of the regions of western Siberia]. 321 21

Eighty-nine consecutive admissions with primary depressive illness were prospectively ascertained and diagnosed in 1965-66 by R. E. Kendell, who also allocated each a position on a neurotic-psychotic continuum on the basis of previous discriminant function analysis. In 1983-84, 94% of the survivors were personally interviewed by a psychiatrist blind to index admission data. Operational outcome criteria were employed and longitudinal data were established for 98% of the series. Mortality risk was doubled overall, and increased sevenfold for women under 40 years at index admission. Less than one-fifth of the survivors had remained well, and over one-third of the series suffered unnatural death or severe chronic distress and handicap. Patients whose index episode marked their first psychiatric contact had a 50% chance of readmission within their lifetime, but those with previous admissions had a 50% chance of readmission within three years. Readmissions occurred even after 12 years of being symptom-free, and conversely patients recovered after as long as 15 years of illness. There was a high incidence of other disorders (schizoaffective disorder, alcoholism, schizophrenia), and only four patients showed pure recurrent unipolar histories. Patients at the psychotic end of the continuum were more likely to be readmitted and to have very poor outcomes.
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PMID:The long-term outcome of Maudsley depressives. 249 26

Physicians may have the opportunity to prevent suicide. An awareness of suicide risk factors, such as depression, alcoholism, drug abuse, schizophrenia, and chronic pain or disease, may facilitate suicide prevention. Recognition of acute and chronic suicidal vulnerability occurs through direct questioning. Psychiatric consultation is indicated for patients exhibiting clear self-injury risk, as exemplified by expressed suicide intent, an overt plan for death, or a "gesture." Hospitalization is usually recommended for socially isolated patients presenting with overt suicidal ideation, complicated by injurious self-harm, encephalopathy, or substance abuse. Family involvement and a "no-suicide" contract with the patient, coupled with close outpatient follow-up appointments, should suffice for those exhibiting milder or transient thoughts of suicide without manifest intent to die.
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PMID:A preventive approach to the suicidal patient. 327 11

We examine whether the variation in outcome in schizophrenia is associated with differences in familial psychopathology. We begin with a methodologically oriented review of the large number of previous studies that have addressed this question. Although some trends are evident, the findings are variable. Most of the studies have important methodologic limitations. We then examine the relationship between short-term outcome and four dimensions of long-term outcome in 253 DSM-III schizophrenics and psychiatric illness in their 723 first-degree relatives. No relationship is found between any dimension of outcome in schizophrenics and risk in their relatives for schizophrenia, all nonaffective psychoses, bipolar illness, or anxiety disorder. A marital outcome of divorce was strongly associated with a family history of alcoholism. Good long-term marital, residential, and occupational outcomes were positively correlated with the risk for unipolar illness in relatives. These results do not support the hypothesis that poor outcome schizophrenia is the "genetic" form of the disorder. However, they are compatible with the hypothesis that the liability to affective illness may influence outcome in schizophrenia.
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PMID:Outcome and familial psychopathology in schizophrenia. 328 26


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