Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Platelet MAO activity has been reported by several investigators to differentiate schizophrenia, schizophrenia related depressive disorders, alcoholism, unipolar and bipolar depression from normal controls. Evoked potentials likewise have differentiated schizophrenic and affective patients. However, the precise relationship between MAO activity, evoked potentials (EP), and psychiatric illness has not been clarified. A possible association between psychopathology and high MAO activity/EP reducing and low MAO activity/EP augmenting has been reported. Such a bidirectionality further confounds results. This study was undertaken to determine the association of psychopathological dimensions found in a group of subjects whose platelet MAO activity and evoked responses were obtained two years earlier. Utilizing the Gottschalk-Gleser verbal behavior scales of Anxiety, Depression, Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization and Cognitive Impairment a significant correlation was revealed between low platelet MAO activity and high Total Anxiety scale and Shame Anxiety subscale scores. Additionally, a significant correlation was demonstrated between reducing evoked potentials and elevated Death Anxiety, Somatic Concerns, and Total Death and Mutilation Depression subscales scores, combined and separately. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between augmenting evoked potentials and Overt Hostility Outward scores. No significant correlations were demonstrated between platelet MAO activity or evoked potentials and Social Alienation-Personal Disorganization or Cognitive Impairment scores. These findings lend support to the position that biological markers may predict predispositions to anxiety and depression.
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PMID:Platelet monoamine oxidase activity and evoked response as predictors of anxiety and depression derived from the content analysis of speech. 221 39

The prevalence of comorbid alcohol, other drug, and mental disorders in the US total community and institutional population was determined from 20,291 persons interviewed in the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Estimated US population lifetime prevalence rates were 22.5% for any non-substance abuse mental disorder, 13.5% for alcohol dependence-abuse, and 6.1% for other drug dependence-abuse. Among those with a mental disorder, the odds ratio of having some addictive disorder was 2.7, with a lifetime prevalence of about 29% (including an overlapping 22% with an alcohol and 15% with another drug disorder). For those with either an alcohol or other drug disorder, the odds of having the other addictive disorder were seven times greater than in the rest of the population. Among those with an alcohol disorder, 37% had a comorbid mental disorder. The highest mental-addictive disorder comorbidity rate was found for those with drug (other than alcohol) disorders, among whom more than half (53%) were found to have a mental disorder with an odds ratio of 4.5. Individuals treated in specialty mental health and addictive disorder clinical settings have significantly higher odds of having comorbid disorders. Among the institutional settings, comorbidity of addictive and severe mental disorders was highest in the prison population, most notably with antisocial personality, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders.
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PMID:Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. 1114 82

The prediction of suicide remains a major challenge for health professionals. Sociodemographic predictors of the risk of suicide lack specificity: factors such as living alone, being unemployed, or having a physical or mental illness are common, separately or in combination, but suicide is rare. Psychiatric conditions, such as depression, alcohol dependence, schizophrenia and personality disorders, are strongly associated with suicide, but most psychiatrically ill patients do not suicide. Most suicidal patients consult a helping agency within a month of their act and, in practice, successful assessment of the risk of suicide and intervention to prevent it depend on gaining an understanding of the individual patient and developing a therapeutic relationship. More research into the biological, psychological and social factors that distinguish suicidal from non-suicidal individuals is needed. We review key studies that have addressed the issue of suicide prediction, outline the clinician's role in evaluating the risk of suicide in the individual, and suggest directions for future research.
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PMID:The prediction of suicide. 198 99

Scores of 29 Hispanic- and 46 white-American alcoholics, who voluntarily sought psychiatric treatment for their alcoholism, were compared on the MMPI. It was hypothesized that Hispanic-American alcoholics would be better adjusted than white alcoholics on the validity and clinical scales of the MMPI. The hypothesis was supported, with Hispanic-Americans obtaining significantly lower scores than white veterans on the Pd, Mf, and Si scales. Hispanic and white patients did not differ on the remaining MMPI scales. The mean two-point code for Hispanic subjects was 2-8 (Depression-Schizophrenia) and for white patients 8-2 (Schizophrenia-Depression).
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PMID:MMPI comparisons of Hispanic- and white-American veterans seeking treatment for alcoholism. 223 26

The utility of the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST) in determining alcohol abuse and alcoholism was assessed in a preliminary study of 21 schizophrenic patients during their hospitalization in an acute care psychiatric unit; on admission all met DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia and none were detected to have any alcohol-related diagnosis. SAAST scores ranged from 2 to 26 with a mean score of 10.8. Forty-eight percent (10/21) had SAAST scores greater than or equal to 10, indicating "probable alcoholism"; 62% (13/21) scored 8 or higher. Every patient with a SAAST score of 8 or higher also met DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence on the basis of patient interview, independent chart reviews, and interviews of significant others. In contrast, only half (5/10) of the high SAAST scorers would actually admit to a problem with drinking during the extensive study interviews. Six SAAST items were found to be highly predictive of abuse or alcoholism; the SAAST had greater sensitivity than the interviews. Sixty-two percent (8 of 13) of the schizophrenic patients who met the DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol abuse reported a first degree relative with an alcohol-related problem, in contrast to only 25% of the "nonalcoholic" patients. The patterns of the alcoholic schizophrenic patients' responses on the different SAAST items revealed even greater denial and lack of insight than those of nonschizophrenic alcoholic subjects.
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PMID:Utility of the Self-Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST) in schizophrenic patients. 226 97

The main aim of this article is to review research and observations on the association between cultural factors and the rates and symptoms of mental illness in Algeria. In addition to traditional concepts and practices, modern psychiatric services and the classification of mental illness are discussed. Research on depression, schizophrenia, drug-abuse and alcoholism are reported. Two major sociocultural factors related to mental illness are emphasised: the Muslim religion and social changes during both the colonial and post-colonial eras. Many culture-specific family stresses are also related to mental illness.
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PMID:Culture and mental illness in Algeria. 228 16

The most dramatic finding was the very high prevalence of alcohol abuse, using DSM-III criteria, among men in Seoul, Korea. The prevalence of other psychiatric disorders was lower than in St. Louis, Missouri. With the current biological emphasis in psychiatry, questions may be raised regarding the different prevalence rates of schizophrenia, affective disorders, and even alcoholism. The deficit of the aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzyme 1 has been hypothesized to reduce the prevalence of alcohol abuse among Asians. Twenty-five percent of Koreans have been found to be deficient in the enzyme, but despite this their prevalence of alcohol abuse is higher than among Americans. Cultural issues are paramount in the much lower prevalence of alcohol abuse among women in Korea.
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PMID:Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part I: Gender and age differences in Seoul. 231 32

This paper reports the results of a pilot study of the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a group of nonalcoholic men with multigenerational family histories of alcoholism (high-risk) in comparison with that of a control group (nonalcoholic men without multigenerational family histories of alcoholism). Diagnoses were given following the structured interview format of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, using the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The prevalence of psychopathology in the probands' first- and second-degree relatives was also determined using the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. The results showed a higher lifetime prevalence of psychopathology for the high-risk men compared with control subjects, with the diagnoses of major affective disorder and anxiety disorder predominating. In addition, the data obtained from first- and second-degree relatives indicated a significantly higher prevalence of nonalcoholic diagnoses in the high-risk families (depression in particular), suggesting that alcoholism and depression may be cosegregating in these families. The lifetime prevalence of these disorders is similar to that reported in chronic alcoholics.
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PMID:The lifetime prevalence of psychopathology in men with multigenerational family histories of alcoholism. 238 Jun 95

The syndrome of water intoxication may occur in psychiatric patients and various hypotheses regarding its aetiology have been postulated. Twenty-seven patients in Woodbridge Hospital were found to have this syndrome. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and biochemical findings of this group of patients. 70.4% had schizophrenia, 25.9% had mental retardation and 3.7% had a history of alcohol dependence. Many of them were on antipsychotic medication. The symptoms of water intoxication included polyuria, nausea, tremors, weight gain, disorientation, coma and fits. A majority of the patients had hyponatraemia during the acute stages and the osmolality of urine and plasma were correspondingly low. A few patients had abnormalities in electroencephalogram and computerised axial tomography of brain. The management of patients with water intoxication is discussed briefly.
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PMID:Water intoxication in psychiatric patients in Singapore. 239 1

This article is a short review of associations between depression and suicide, and formed part of a symposium held in Munich in August 1988 to discuss toxicity in antidepressive therapy. The association between depressive disorders and suicide is well documented. The detailed characteristics of this association, however, are still under discussion. Phenomenological aspects of depression seem to be more important than nosological ones, especially associations between personality traits, aggression and depression. Differentiation of depressions into primary and secondary depressive disorders (the latter as consequences of somatic or especially other mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, personality disorder, or alcoholism) can be a fruitful approach to elucidating differences in the suicide pattern of these different disorders. Recurrent depressive episodes, although they may be short, may have as severe mental symptoms as more longstanding episodes and thus partly explain suicide in nonpsychiatric as well as psychiatric populations. Ways of preventing suicide are discussed from biological and clinical perspectives.
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PMID:Depression and suicide. 240 88


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