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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors analyze the destiny of 289 patients with associated schizophrenia and alcoholism. For the first time they were admitted to the psychiatric hospital in 1948-1951 (period I); 1959-1961 (period II); 1969-1971 (period III), and in 1979-1981 (period IV). The five-year catamnesis has demonstrated that schizophrenic patients abusing alcohol are often admitted to the hospital with paranoid symptomatology, retaining, however, a high enough level of social and labour adaptation, emotions, communicability for a long time. In the course of transition from the first to the fourth period, this group patients demonstrated an increase of the crime rate.
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PMID:[Comparative catamnestic studies of newly hospitalized patients with schizophrenia associated with alcoholism]. 131 34

The gene encoding the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) is located on human chromosome 11q23 and has been circumstantially associated with a number of human disorders including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and susceptibility to alcoholism. To determine the physical structure of the DRD2 gene, we utilized cosmid cloning, isolation of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to construct a long-range physical map of human chromosome 11q23 linking the genes for the DRD2 and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). The D2 dopamine receptor gene extends over 270 kb and includes an intron of approximately 250 kb separating the putative first exon from the exons encoding the receptor protein. The resulting physical map spans more than 1.5 mb of chromosome band 11q23 and links the DRD2 gene with the gene encoding the NCAM located 150 kb 3' of the DRD2 gene and transcribed from the same DNA strand. We additionally located the sites of at least four hypomethylated HTF islands within the physical map, which potentially indicate the sites of additional genes. High-resolution fluorescent in situ suppression hybridization using cosmid and YAC clones localized this gene cluster between the ApoAI and STMY loci at the interface of bands 11q22.3 and 11q23.1.
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PMID:Structure and linkage of the D2 dopamine receptor and neural cell adhesion molecule genes on human chromosome 11q23. 147 42

While reports of EEG correlates of psychiatric disorders date back five decades, clinical sensitivity of the EEG to psychiatric disorders has been greatly enhanced with the advent of quantitative methods of analysis (QEEG). Using a QEEG methodology known as neurometrics we have identified distinctive electrophysiological profiles associated with different psychiatric disorders. With this method quantitative features are extracted from 2 minutes of artifact- free eyes closed resting EEG data, log transformed to obtain Gaussianity, age-regressed, and Z-transformed relative to population norms. Using small subsets of neurometric features, multiple stepwise discriminant analyses were used to construct mathematical classifier functions, the values of which are different for members of different a priori defined diagnostic groups. Using this approach, we have demonstrated high discriminant accuracy in independent replications separating many populations of psychiatric patients from normal as well as from each other, including major affective disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, alcoholism, and learning disabilities, as well as high accuracy of discrimination between known subtypes of depression (unipolar vs bipolar). The use of classification accuracy curves (CACs) which allow one to assess the sensitivity and specificity achieved by the discriminant functions is discussed. In addition, using cluster analysis, neurometric subtypes can be identified in several clinically homogenous populations. Preliminary results suggest that baseline membership in some neurometric subtypes may be highly correlated with response to treatment.
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PMID:QEEG profiles of psychiatric disorders. 151 Aug 68

This 1988 study reports the point and lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders, using DSM-III-R criteria, of a sample (approximately 25%) of adult members of an Indian village previously studied in 1969. The basic instrument was the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, augmented by available medical information and administered by experienced psychiatrists. Subjects were interviewed and results were weighed for the age- and sex-distributed population. The results indicated a high point prevalence of alcohol dependence (32.8%), with a lifetime prevalence of 72.8%, among males. The lifetime prevalence of affective disorders among women was also high (36.8%), but less so among men (19.3%). When compared with the DSM-III-R diagnoses of the 1969 study, the point prevalence rates of alcohol dependence and abuse disorders fell from 39% to 21%. Also, fewer subjects were judged to be psychiatrically impaired. Even though the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was lower in the current study, the rates for alcohol disorders and affective disorders were still far higher than those reported in Epidemiologic Catchment Area studies. Alcohol dependence (especially among young men) and affective disorder (among women) were major problems.
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PMID:Psychiatric epidemiology of an Indian village. A 19-year replication study. 153 4

Suicide is a complex and confusing subject. Although social factors may be important a clear relationship has been established between suicide and some medical conditions, notably depression, schizophrenia and alcohol dependence. Primary care physicians are in the "front line" as far as the recognition of suicidal risk is concerned. There is good evidence that many individuals who commit suicide have had recent contact with medical services. Those who have attempted suicide are at a much greater risk of subsequently completing the act than the general population. Poisoning by solids or liquids is a common method of committing suicide. Prescribed medication is often used. Antidepressants vary considerably in their toxicity in overdosage. Newer compounds, including moclobemide appear to be safer than older ones. There is some evidence that suicide rates can be influenced by changing the availability of lethal substances and methods. It is suggested the prescription of toxic antidepressants should be restricted or avoided in patients in whom the risk of suicide is high.
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PMID:Patients at risk of suicide and overdose. 154 26

Suicide has been associated traditionally with major depression, alcoholism, and schizophrenia and in the past several years with alcoholism and comorbid depression. More recently, however, panic disorder has been linked with suicide attempts, and the importance of severe anxiety symptoms (panic attacks, psychic anxiety, and agitation) as possible predictors of suicide risk in patients with major affective disorder has been studied. The author discusses data sets from three such studies: (1) the Clinical Studies of the National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression, (2) a study on 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concentrations in inpatients with major affective disorder, and (3) a study on inpatient suicides. The author concludes by suggesting that anxiety, which is readily treatable, may in fact be one of the most clinically important symptoms in depressive disorders.
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PMID:Suicide risk factors in depressive disorders and in panic disorder. 154 56

The risk of suicide associated with different psychiatric diagnoses was estimated in 80,970 inpatients in Stockholm County (population 1.6 million). All patients discharged with at least one psychiatric diagnosis between 1973 and 1986 were followed by linkage with the cause-of-death registry through 1987. There were 1,115 definite suicides and 467 undetermined suicides among these during the 15-year follow-up. When 12 diagnostic categories were entered in a proportional hazards model, the highest relative risk (RR) of definite suicide, controlling for sex and age, was noted for affective disorders (RR 2.82), followed by unspecified psychoses (RR 2.69), paranoid psychoses (RR 2.60), addiction to prescription drugs (RR 2.38), neuroses and reactive psychoses (RR 1.96), and schizophrenia (RR 1.64). Alcoholism, personality disorders, organic psychoses, and street drug addiction did not have significantly increased risks of suicide. Male sex increased the risk for definite suicide by 1.56, while the risk was somewhat higher among the young. Having more than one diagnosis increased the relative risk by 1.42. When undetermined suicides were included in the analysis, to alcoholism and street drug abuse were attributed significantly increased risks of suicide, probably owing to the greater difficulty of verifying such cases. We conclude that several psychiatric disorders were conductive to suicide, but that the risk did not vary much with the type of diagnosis. Further studies of confounders are needed, such as the reasons for being admitted to inpatient care, and the impact of somatic and psychiatric comorbidity.
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PMID:Risk of suicide by psychiatric diagnosis in Stockholm County. A longitudinal study of 80,970 psychiatric inpatients. 160 98

Two equal samples each including 23 probands with nonpsychotic depressions within the framework of cyclothymia and sluggish schizophrenia and their relatives of the first degree kinship were examined. It has been established that the cyclothymic proband in the families is at high risk for endogenous affective disorders whereas during sluggish schizophrenia, the risk of mental diseases is not limited by cyclothymia. The probands' relatives may also be attributed to a group at risk for schizophrenia. The data obtained may be interpreted as pathogenetic evidence of the clinical differentiation of endogenous nonpsychotic depressions. Alcoholism and psychopathy loads in the families examined are under discussion.
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PMID:[Mental pathology in the families of patients with endogenous non-psychotic depression]. 166 18

We review research literature on psychotic (delusional) depression, including demographic, illness pattern, clinical, biological marker and treatment issues. Secondly, we report a study of a consecutive sample of 137 patients meeting criteria for DSM-III melancholia, RDC definite endogenous depression and our "clinical" criteria for endogenous depression, of whom there were 35 "psychotic depressives" (PDs). The PDs were contrasted with the remaining 76 depressives (EDs) and with an age and sex-matched subset (MEDs). The PDs were distinctly older than the EDs at assessment and at initial onset of any affective disorder. Compared to the MEDs, they tended to have longer illnesses, were more likely to be hospitalised (and to have longer stays), to receive (in the past and for the current episode) combination antipsychotic/antidepressant medication and/or ECT, and to have a poorer course over the following year. They were no more likely to have a bipolar pattern, a family history of depressive disorder, schizophrenia or alcoholism, or vegetative depressive features. Developmental psychosocial stressors and antecedent life event stressors were not over-represented. Most of the PDs had delusions, one-fifth reported hallucinations and psychomotor disturbance was marked. Other differential clinical findings were sustained mood disturbance, constipation, and the absence of a diurnal variation in mood and energy.
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PMID:Psychotic depression: a review and clinical experience. 167 37

There is some indication that addicts who qualify for a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASP) do not comprise a homogeneous group with respect to psychopathology. This preliminary study attempted to determine the extent to which DSM-III diagnosed ASP alcoholics with alcoholism on both sides of their family could be differentiated with respect to childhood behavioral problems and additional adult psychopathology from ASP alcoholics with low degrees of familial alcoholism. Two groups of ASP alcoholic patients were compared: (1) 11 high familial (bilineal) alcoholics, and (2) 22 low familial (nonfamilial or unilineal) alcoholics. Few group differences were found in sociodemographic or alcohol-related characteristics, although the high familial group tended to be younger. However, the high familial alcoholism group tended to report more childhood antisocial behaviors and more childhood behavior problems overall. The high familial alcoholism group also reported more psychopathology on three of the 10 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) clinical scales, paranoia (P less than .05), schizophrenia (P less than .06), and masculine-feminine (P less than .025). Effect sizes for these three variables were in the moderate range. The group MMPI profile of the high familial alcoholism group was indicative of serious characterological disturbances, while that of the low familial alcoholism group was much more normal. The results of this preliminary study provided evidence suggesting that antisocial individuals with a high degree of familial alcoholism are more likely to manifest psychopathology than antisocial individuals with a lesser degree of familial alcoholism.
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PMID:Psychiatric heterogeneity in antisocial alcoholics: relation to familial alcoholism. 174 13


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