Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

141 female psychiatric patients, suffering from major depression, schizophrenia, alcohol dependence or adjustment disorder, were investigated for their 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and cortisol level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Dexamethasone suppression tests were also performed in 111 cases, and TRH/TSH tests in 40 subjects. Fifty-two patients were hospitalized following a recent suicide attempt, 18 of which were made using a violent method. The other 34 attempters took tranquilizer or sedative overdoses. CSF 5-HIAA was significantly lower in violent attempters in all 4 diagnostic categories. CSF HVA was higher in those taking drug overdoses, but only in depression (and less markedly in schizophrenia). CSF cortisol did not differ among either diagnostic or suicidal subgroups. Dexamethasone suppression was more frequently abnormal in suicidal patients than in nonattempters, and this difference was more important where the overall nonsuppression rate was lower. Maximal TSH response to TRH showed an inverse correlation with CSF 5-HIAA, and it was lowest in the nonattempter group. The difference between violent suicide attempters and nonattempters in their TSH response was significant. Since these biochemical changes were more or less independent of clinical diagnoses, it seems relevant to explore further the biological background of human aggression and suicide as a separate research direction.
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PMID:Biochemical markers in suicidal patients. Investigations with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites and neuroendocrine tests. 620 31

1. Some recent research on the behavioural effects of phenylethylamine and some recent data implicating the trace amines in schizophrenia, agoraphobia and aggression are briefly outlined. 2. Phenylethylamine produces in mice a distinctive hyperactivity syndrome consisting of two phases; it appears to act via dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on different components of these stereotypies. 3. Urinary unconjugated tryptamine, and meta- and para-tyramine appear to be excreted in reduced amounts in schizophrenia and bipolar depression. 4. The blood levels of the trace acids phenylacetic and meta- and para-hydroxyphenylacetic are reduced in schizophrenia. 5. Blood levels of conjugated phenylacetic and unconjugated para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid are reduced in violent as opposed to non-violent offenders. 6. The neuromodulatory role of the trace amines and their possible involvement in components of behaviour and certain mental disorders are discussed.
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PMID:Some aspects of basic psychopharmacology: the trace amines. 629 92

A comprehensive overview of the clinical aspects of lithium therapy is presented. Emphasis is placed on recent developments regarding the clinical uses of Li2CO3 in non-psychiatric conditions. The established efficacy of the drug in the treatment and prophylaxis of mania and bipolar affective disorders is noted, and the evidence supporting the use of lithium salts as a prophylactic agent in unipolar depression, aggressive behavior, schizophrenic disorders and organic brain dysfunction is discussed. The use of lithium carbonate in various disorders of movement and in certain extrapyramidal diseases is summarized, as are the results of its trials in alcoholism and drug abuse. In addition, uses of Li2CO3 in asthma, thyroid diseases, granulocytopenia, headache, bowel disease, anesthesiology, cardiology, and sleep disorders are summarized. The data suggests the potential effectiveness of Li2CO3 in a variety of clinical conditions other than those for which it is classically indicated, provided more detailed double-blind studies are performed.
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PMID:Clinical uses of lithium salts. 641 55

The present investigation tested the hypothesis that childhood behavioral problems are differentially associated with clinical symptoms in adult-onset schizophrenia. Parents of 29 schizophrenic patients completed questionnaires concerning (1) the childhood behaviors of all their offspring from birth through 15 years of age, and (2) the symptomatology of their schizophrenic offspring. The childhood behavior scale was a modified version of Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (1991). Scores were derived for six childhood behavior problem factors: Withdrawal, Anxiety/Depression, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, and Aggression/Delinquency. Ratings of symptoms were based on parental versions of Andreasen's Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS; 1983) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS; 1981). Symptomatology scores were computed from the SANS and SAPS following Malla et al.'s (1993) and Liddle's (1987b) tri-dimensional concept of schizophrenia: Reality Distortion, Psychomotor Poverty and Cognitive Disorganization. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relation between childhood behavior and adult symptomatology in the schizophrenic patients. The results indicated that the Psychomotor Poverty and Cognitive Disorganization dimensions in adult patients are positively associated with Withdrawn behavior and inversely associated with Anxious/Depressed characteristics in childhood. The results are discussed in light of the distinction between primary and secondary negative symptoms, and the three dimension concept of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Childhood behavioral precursors of adult symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. 757 64

The objective was to examine effects of risperidone on hostility and compare these effects with those of haloperidol. On the basis of risperidone's pharmacologic profile, we hypothesized that risperidone has a selective effect on hostility and that this effect is greater than that of haloperidol. The data were obtained in a multicenter clinical trial of risperidone under placebo-controlled, double-blind conditions (duration, 9 weeks). The patients were 139 patients with the diagnosis of DSM-III-R schizophrenia. Hostility was measured by the "hostility" item of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Change in hostility served as a dependent variable in the analyses. Change in "psychosis" was applied as a covariate; it helped us examine changes in hostility that were unrelated to change in psychosis (selective effect). Risperidone had a greater selective effect on hostility than did haloperidol or placebo. This finding should encourage tests of risperidone as a treatment for patients who show frequent overt physical aggression.
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PMID:Effect of risperidone on hostility in schizophrenia. 759 6

Thirty-one outpatient men with schizophrenia were assessed with various measures of lifelong history of physical violence as well as psychopathology, neuropsychological performance, and neurological intactness. Most of the results consisted of nonsignificant positive relationships between physical aggression and neuropsychological performance in these schizophrenia subjects. Some neuropsychological test performances did show significant positive correlations with levels of aggressivity. In contrast with previous studies that have established a relation between neuropsychological impairment (as opposed to performance) and violence in schizophrenia, subjects of the present study were high-functioning outpatients who may not have attained a level of neurological impairment inducing constant uncontrollable outbursts of irritative aggression in their daily living. The importance of defining in detail the clinical characteristics of the subjects studied and the type of violence assessed is discussed, and an ecological interpretation of these counterintuitive results is provided.
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PMID:Neuropsychological correlates of violence in schizophrenia. 763 Nov 72

A 28-item behavioral rating scale, the Acute Psychiatric Rating Scale (APRS), was developed using factor-analytic methods for the assessment of functionally disturbed psychiatric inpatients. Fifty-eight staff rated 74 patients on the scale. Seven factorial dimensions were extracted comprising neuroticism, aggression, emotional withdrawal, cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, hypomania and self-injuriousness. The scale was evaluated in 4 different psychiatric inpatient units: two acute admission wards, an intensive care unit and a regional secure unit. Behavioral ratings on the scale were related to several patient demographic and treatment variables, including age, sex, marital status, legal status, length of admission and electroconvulsive therapy. The scale was found to possess a clear factorial structure, good interrater reliability and promising clinical validity for further research use in psychiatric inpatient settings.
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PMID:An acute psychiatric rating scale for the clinical assessment of functionally disturbed inpatients. 767 38

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) has been implicated in a large number of psychophysiologic processes including the regulation of sleep, appetite, mood, aggression, perception, memory, and anxiety. To mediate this large array of physiologic processes, at least 14 separate 5-HT receptors have evolved, which are divided into seven main families. Not surprisingly, alterations of 5-HT receptor activity have been shown to occur in many psychiatric diseases including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and many drug-induced psychotic states. Additionally, a number of effective psychopharmacologic agents for diseases as diverse as schizophrenia and anxiety have been developed which either specifically alter brain levels of serotonin or bind to 5-HT receptor subtypes. This review article summarizes recent advances in the burgeoning field of serotonin receptor pharmacology and integrates this information into a coherent perspective on the importance of serotonergic agents for clinical psychiatry.
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PMID:Multiple serotonin receptors: clinical and experimental aspects. 780 91

Aggressive behaviour in epileptics may have many causes which are connected more or less closely with epilepsy. Ictal aggression is very rare. In the case of a patient with complex partial seizures and a schizophrenia-like psychosis different forms of generation of aggressive behaviour are discussed.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosis of aggressive behavior in epilepsy]. 789 36

In retrospective research--frequency of aggression among the patients admitted to the Department of Psychiatry in Wroclaw in 1992 was estimated about 8.2% from all the patients. Aggressive events were more frequent among the female patients. The most common group of drugs used in order to settle down the patients was benzodiazepines regardless of origin of aggression. In terms of type of disorder aggression was more likely to occur in schizophrenia, then Clopixol-acuphase was used as the most effective drug. Restraining was one of the unavoidable method in several cases but as the only one method it was used in 13% of cases.
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PMID:[Medical procedure with aggressive patients: experiences of psychiatric clinic in Wroclaw]. 790 91


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