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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The frequency of severe psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy depends first and foremost on what populations of patients are studied. In random surveys seeking prevalence of epilepsy in the community, the prevalence of associated psychiatric disorder is low. In specialty referral clinics for epilepsy, particularly those serving indigent populations, the prevalence is 25% to 50%. Among epileptics in mental hospitals or psychiatric clinics, the prevalence is, naturally, 100%. This discussion is focused on the evidence for a causal or physiological relationship between epilepsy and psychosis, depression, aggression, and sexual disturbances, and treatment of these disorders. Particular attention is given to possible relationships between temporal lobe (limbic) epilepsy and schizophrenic disorders.
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PMID:Psychiatric aspects of epilepsy. 328 May 62

A case of schizophrenia associated with complex partial seizure disorder and postictal violence, both refractory to conventional treatment, is presented. Adjunctive treatment with clonazepam resulted in the cessation of the seizures and of persistent, violent hallucinations. The theoretical implications for possible mechanisms underlying at least some types of aggressive behavior are discussed.
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PMID:Antiaggressive effect of adjunctive clonazepam in schizophrenia associated with seizure disorder. 334 99

Thirty-one mentally retarded emotionally disturbed children, hospitalized within a university medical school's psychiatric intensive care program, were matched on age and sex and compared to 31 children from a normal school setting on depression. Measures included the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Child Behavior Profile (CBP), with children being compared on total and subfactor scores for both measures. Depression and its various subcomponents were more prevalent in the mentally retarded group. There were no significant sex or age differences. Degree of overall psychopathology and depression were highly related. The relationship between criteria for depression on the CDI and CBC were also made. Correlational data showed a strong relationship between the cut-off scores for both measures, an important finding because they were based on norms established with children of normal intelligence. These data suggest that similarities exist between depression in mentally retarded children and those without such cognitive handicaps. The relationship of depression to other forms of psychopathology in the group of 31 emotionally disturbed mentally retarded children was also examined. A wide range of disorders including schizophrenia, aggression, withdrawal, and hyperactivity were evaluated. These are the first empirical data with mentally retarded children in the United States that are aimed specifically at evaluating depression, and should be useful to the clinicians in better understanding the phenomenon.
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PMID:Depression in mentally retarded children. 335 41

In present-day African psychiatry, there is a sharp differentiation between serious mental illness, which requires medically orientated treatment and chemotherapy, and the more superficial disturbances of personality for which psychological, sociological and educational measures are indicated. With the severe shortage of Western psychiatrists who are prepared to undertake this work, it is providential that black traditional healers address themselves to the latter group of mental abnormalities with a measure of success comparable to psychotherapy in First-World practice. In the back wards of a mental hospital (run on First-World lines) and in outpatient clinics in periurban Durban townships, one meets a large number of patients with severe and chronic disease. All those conditions (mental retardation, organic brain syndromes, schizophrenia and affective disorders) with positive symptomatology (excitement, restlessness and aggression) are found to respond to neuroleptic drugs. Possible reasons why patients with negative symptoms (emotional withdrawal, poverty of ideas and speech), especially in schizophrenia, do not react, are discussed, and administrative and socio-economic implications are reviewed.
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PMID:Severe invalidism--the dominant feature of Third-World psychiatry in southern Africa. 335 19

A study conducted in a mental hospital involved 157 male adolescents (aged 14-17 years) with psychopathy (n = 42), oligophrenia (n = 49), and schizophrenia (n = 66) who displayed some sexual deviations. Homosexual manifestations were found to be the most frequent form of sexual deviations (61%). Other forms included sadomasochistic actions, heterosexual aggression, sexual claims to relatives, exhibitionism, etc. The mechanisms of the development of deviant sexual behaviour differed in the framework of the nosology and type of deviations.
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PMID:[Sexual deviations and perversions in schizophrenia, psychopathies and oligophrenia in male adolescents]. 342 57

Homocystinuria commonly affects the central nervous system (CNS), primarily as mental retardation, seizures, and stroke. Case reports have long suggested a predisposition to schizophrenia, but no careful study of predisposition to psychiatric illness has been performed. Accordingly, we evaluated 63 persons with homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency for psychiatric disturbance, intelligence, evidence of other CNS problems, and responsiveness to vitamin B6. The overall rate of clinically significant psychiatric disorders was 51%, predominated by four diagnostic categories: episodic depression (10%), chronic disorders of behavior (17%), chronic obsessive-compulsive disorder (5%), and personality disorders (19%). The average IQ was 80 +/- 27 (1 SD); and an IQ of less than or equal to 79 was two-thirds more common among vitamin B6-nonresponsive patients compared to vitamin B6-responsive patients. Aggressive behavior and other disorders of conduct were particularly common among patients with mental retardation and among vitamin B6-nonresponsive patients.
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PMID:Psychiatric manifestations of homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency: prevalence, natural history, and relationship to neurologic impairment and vitamin B6-responsiveness. 359 41

DSM-III borderline personality disorder defines a group of patients who are characterised by impulsivity and unpredictable behaviour, inappropriate aggression, intense and unstable relationships and are often associated with repeated suicidal behaviour. A substantial body of research has established an association between disturbance of serotonin and also dopamine and suicidal behaviour in depression. A similar relationship is also seen in studies of personality disorders which suggests the association is not specific to depression. A placebo controlled study of low dose flupenthixol has been shown to significantly reduce subsequent suicidal behaviour in patients with personality disorders without depression or schizophrenia. Evidence points to a biological basis for suicidal behaviour and borderline personality disorder and possibly of pharmacotherapy.
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PMID:The psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorders. 367 29

Controversy exists concerning whether epileptic seizures can produce enduring alterations in neuronal function that cause interictal behavioral disturbances. Although arguments favoring the occurrence of epilepsy-induced disorders of behavior must not be presented in a way that adds to the stigmata associated with epilepsy, it is not in the best interest of epileptic patients to deny this possible relationship and overlook an opportunity to prevent or treat a major cause of disability. There is evidence to suggest that psychosocial factors cannot account for all the behavioral problems suffered by patients with epilepsy. Behavioral disturbances ascribed to antiepileptic drugs and specific structural lesions may also be due, in part, to epileptogenic mechanisms. Some interictal behavioral disturbances may actually reflect unrecognized ictal events. Most importantly, data obtained from clinical research and animal investigations suggest testable hypotheses of how recurrent epileptic seizures can alter neuronal function in ways that would predispose to specific disruptive interictal behaviors, such as aggression, depression and schizophrenia.
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PMID:Neurobiology of behavior: anatomic and physiological implications related to epilepsy. 372 Jul 12

Clinical evaluations of index and control children from the point of view of the clinical interview, observations of the subjects during testing, the subjects' parents, and their teachers were compared. There was general agreement that index children showed more psychopathological symptoms, poorer ego development, poorer interpersonal relations, and poorer use of leisure time than their controls. By contrast, behaviors related to aggression, phobias, shame, sleep pathology, eating disorders, frustration tolerance, sexual behavior, and verbal communication skills failed to show consistent group differences. Index boys showed greater anxiety than their controls, while there were no such differences among the girls. Rearing environment exerted no apparent effect on the psychosocial functioning of the children. Factor analysis disclosed that a general factor, accounting for 32.6 percent of the variance, discriminated between index and control children, while several special factors, which represented rarely seen traits, did not discriminate. Group differences, therefore, appeared to stem from global impairment of psychosocial functioning rather than from several distinct patterns of deficit. The present results are in general agreement with previously reported evaluations of children at risk for schizophrenia.
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PMID:Clinical-subjective evaluation of high-risk children: integration and discussion. 398 72

Twenty-three chronic schizophrenic patients were followed-up over periods up to 5 years (1978-1983) while receiving treatment with depot injections of clopenthixol decanoate in doses ranging from 100 to 600 mg every 2 to 4 weeks. The highest single dose given was 1600 mg. Improvement in psychotic symptoms occurred progressively over the 5 years, with reduction in mean overall symptom score for schizophrenia from 7.43 to 0.88. Mean side-effects scores decreased over the same period from 2.0 to 0.5. After 5 years, 10 patients were still maintained on clopenthixol decanoate. Although during the first 2 months there was little improvement in 'negative' or 'loss' symptoms, improvement was similar in 'positive' and 'negative' symptoms after 5 years. Clopenthixol decanoate appeared to have a better calming effect than that encountered with flupenthixol decanoate. At higher doses, it caused drowsiness and subdued hostility and aggression.
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PMID:A 5-year follow-up study of chronic schizophrenics treated with clopenthixol decanoate. 615 Apr 93


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