Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Compared with their male counterparts, females with schizophrenia, on average, show better premorbid functioning, later onset, and a more benign course of illness. They are also more likely to have a family history of schizophrenia and/or affective illness, to exhibit "atypical" and affective features, and to show a seasonal pattern of hospital admission that mimics that of patients with mania. However, there exists a paradox. Although schizophrenia in females has much in common with affective disorder, the "schizophrenogenic" effect of maternal influenza also appears to be more significant in female than in male schizophrenia. Perhaps females with a predisposition to affective psychosis who have also been subject to the effects of maternal viral infection during gestation develop some subtle neurodevelopmental damage that renders their psychosis schizophrenia-like.
 ...
PMID:Gender differences in schizophrenia: hormonal effect or subtypes? 777 Jul 31

A small controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for drug-resistant psychosis is reported. The study was designed as a pilot study for a future larger and longer randomized controlled trial. The therapy was offered to patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizo-affective psychosis who presented unremitting positive symptoms. An average of 16 sessions were delivered over a six-month period. The results of this pilot study are promising. Rates of engagement in therapy were high. The treatment group also improved significantly on a number of key symptom measures when compared with the controls. These were reductions in delusional conviction, general symptomatology and depression scores. Future studies should offer therapy over a longer period, targeting social as well as symptom change, and considering factors which will enhance maintenance of improvement.
 ...
PMID:Cognitive behavioural therapy for drug-resistant psychosis. 780 18

Two patients with acute schizophrenic or schizo-affective psychosis were treated with benzodiazepine-monotherapy. In the first patient with paranoid-hallucinatory psychosis, catatonic symptoms disappeared completely after application of Lorazepam. Side effects of neuroleptic medication (neuroleptic turbulences) were the reason for benzodiazepine treatment in the second patient. In neither patients were psychotic symptoms observed during several weeks on benzodiazepine medication. Subsequently, no further neuroleptic treatment was necessary in one patient. Benzodiazepine effects on schizophrenia are probably caused by an activation of inhibitory GABA-ergic neurons. Besides stupor and catatonia, severe side effects of neuroleptic treatment or even contra-indications of neuroleptic medication may be an indication for benzodiazepine treatment in acute schizophrenia.
 ...
PMID:[Benzodiazepine monotherapy in acute schizophrenia]. 790 19

Psychotic illnesses (schizophrenia and schizoaffective and affective psychosis) have a lifetime prevalence of 2-3% and probably occur at a similar rate in all human societies. No etiologically significant environmental precipitants have been identified, and this suggests that these diseases are primarily genetic. Brain studies reveal that in schizophrenic patients, development of cerebral asymmetry is arrested, which may be associated with a small reduction in cortical mass. Episodes of illness can be ameliorated by dopamine (in particular D2) antagonists, drugs that are antipsychotic rather than merely antischizophrenic. The discovery of at least five dopamine receptor subtypes and their genes paves the way for new approaches to treatment. However, whether psychotic patients undergo a primary disturbance of dopaminergic transmission remains unclear.
 ...
PMID:Etiopathogenesis and treatment of psychosis. 791 Oct 14

A group of 119 patients suffering from a severe psychiatric postpartum disorder who were admitted for the first time in their life to a psychiatric hospital has been investigated. The onset of illness occurred within 3 months following delivery. The patients represented 92% of the total sample fulfilling the inclusion criteria. A follow-up investigation was performed after a mean of 21 years (range 2-35 years). Of the patients 66% had nonpuerperal psychotic episodes in later life. The diagnosis, taking into account the long-term course, was affective psychosis in 57%, schizoaffective psychosis in 18%, schizophreniform psychosis in 12%, brief reactive psychosis in 4% and schizophrenia in 9%. A bipolar psychosis was found in 31%. The relation of unipolar to bipolar psychoses corresponded to that in a control group of affectively ill women without puerperal onset. The frequency of a manic syndrome in bipolar psychoses at the index episode was the same as in nonpuerperal episodes, which does not suggest a mania-provoking pathoplastic effect of the puerperium. The comparison with female nonpuerperal controls matched for age and diagnosis revealed evidence of a better long-term course in the index patients. The risk of a puerperal relapse for further pregnancies was 35%. The global morbidity risk for functional psychoses in first-degree relatives was 11%, with affective psychoses representing the majority of secondary cases (6.8%). The index patients showed a nonsignificant lower morbidity risk in relatives than a control group of psychotically ill women without puerperal onset. The major aetiological factor found for postpartum psychoses is the relation of these disorders to functional psychoses. There is strong evidence that the postpartum period tends to provoke affective psychoses and other nonschizophrenic psychoses, but not, or only to a lesser degree, narrowly defined schizophrenias. The liability to puerperal decompensations suggests some common pathophysiological mechanism, the nature of which remains unknown.
 ...
PMID:Follow-up and family study of postpartum psychoses. Part I: Overview. 794 53

Schizo-affective psychosis raises the nosological problem of the boundaries between the schizophrenia and the affective disorders. In the french classification (I.N.S.E.R.M., 1968) there is only the group of "chronic schizophrenia with mood disorders". In the DSM III-R the schizo-affective psychosis has its own criteria for the first time. A brief historical survey reveals the vicissitudes of the evolution of this american concept. J. Kasanin first proposed this term in 1932 to differentiate from the dementia praecox a group of cases with good prognosis. For all that, the schizo-affective psychosis remained included in the schizophrenia illness until the DSMII (1968). Under the influence of factors (principally the international comparative studies of diagnosis of mental disorders) the american psychiatry reconsidered its system of classification and elaborated the Research Diagnosis Criteria (Spitzer, 1975). The first studies quickly led to an opposite position because the schizo-affective psychosis became principally a subgroup of the affective disorders (DSM III, 1980). The studies of the last ten years generally criticized this new classification. Among the schizo-affective group they tried to separate the schizophrenic cases from the affective cases by subdivisions according different axes (mainly schizophrenic vs mainly affective, manic type vs depressive type, unipolar type vs bipolar type). Today the review of these studies did not lead to resolve the nosological problem. However the studies corroborate the model that schizo-affective illness is a heterogeneous disorder with schizophrenic cases and affective cases.
 ...
PMID:[Dysthymic schizophrenia. An investigation of its evolution]. 798 2

We evaluated the handedness of 58 schizophrenia patients and 54 of their relatives, 23 patients with major depression with psychosis and 24 of their relatives, 36 patients with bipolar psychosis and 33 of their relatives, and 119 nonpsychiatric subjects and 42 of their relatives. Computerized tomography measures were also available for a subset of the psychotic patients. The schizophrenia patients were significantly more left-handed than any of the other groups, and increased sinistrality was also associated with larger lateral ventricle to brain area ratios. The relatives of the schizophrenia patients did not significantly differ on handedness from either the relatives of the affective psychosis patients or the nonpsychiatric subjects. Our findings do not support the notion that left-handedness in schizophrenia is genetically influenced. More research with larger family member data sets is warranted to further explore this possibility.
 ...
PMID:Handedness in first-episode psychotic patients and their first-degree biological relatives. 804 May 11

We investigated the age at onset distributions of schizophrenia in men and women and the relationship of age at onset and sex to the familial rates of schizophrenia and manic-depression in data from a Swedish family study of 270 schizophrenic probands. On the logarithmic scale, the age at onset distribution of schizophrenia in both male and female relatives was bimodal, suggesting that broadly defined schizophrenia may be a mixture of 2 (probably related) disorders. The risk of schizophrenia in relatives decreased as a function of the age at onset of the proband, irrespective of the sex of the proband or relative. In contrast, the risk of manic-depression was significantly higher in relatives of female probands with an age at onset in the twenties than in relatives of female probands with earlier or later onset, or in relatives of male probands. This suggests a third disorder related to affective psychosis, with an intermediate age at onset and female preponderance.
 ...
PMID:A typological model of schizophrenia based on age at onset, sex and familial morbidity. 817 65

The frequency of diagnostic shift was investigated in 267 patients diagnosed with various psychiatric disorders according to the 9th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). Forty-six patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenic psychosis, 71 for affective psychosis, 66 for neurotic disorder, 24 for personality disorder, and 40 for psychogenic reaction. The remaining 20 patients were diagnosed with heterogenous disorders. The mean follow-up time was 12.5 years. Every episode of inpatient treatment was diagnosed cross-sectionally. Patients with an initial episode of schizophrenic psychosis showed by far the greatest stability (93%). A high stability was found in patients diagnosed with neurotic disorders (79%). Forty-two patients with an index diagnosis of affective psychosis suffered more than one type of episode during the course of disease. The lowest stability was noted in patients with a psychogenic reaction (10%). Eleven percent of patients with a final diagnosis of schizophrenia had an index diagnosis of psychogenic reaction. Our findings demonstrate that the course of disease should be considered in making the final diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:Stability of diagnoses in various psychiatric disorders: a study of long-term course. 823 32

We found an increased lymphocyte proliferation after stimulation with an antigen "cocktail" in 49 schizophrenic patients and 37 patients suffering from affective psychosis, compared with 45 healthy control subjects. On the basis of this and other findings such as increased numbers of CD3+ and CD4+ cells, an increased ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells, and a reduced level of suppressor cell activity in schizophrenia and endogenous depression, we investigated the influence of the human leukocyte antigen-Class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) system on the altered immune function and evaluated the relationship to immune function of a family history of psychiatric disorders. A cluster analysis of cases with regard to the HLA-Class I antigens was first performed in a group of 133 healthy control subjects, and two immunogenetically different clusters were found; then 86 patients (49 schizophrenics, 37 affective psychoses) for whom immune functional data were available were assigned to the two HLA-I clusters that had been determined in the control subjects. Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) showed no differences in immune function between the two clusters. With respect to the cluster assignment and the family history of psychiatric diseases, a two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the lymphocyte response to the antigen cocktail, in the number of CD8+ cells, and in one suppressor cell assay. When patients were compared by ANOVA on the basis of family history of psychiatric disorder, patients with a positive family history showed a significantly higher number of CD4+ cells and a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Moreover, certain HLA genes, especially HLA-A1, HLA-B8, HLA-B16, and HLA-C2 seemed to be related to the immune function and/or to the immune function and the family history.
 ...
PMID:Cellular immunity, HLA-class I antigens, and family history of psychiatric disorder in endogenous psychoses. 827 43


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>