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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The major psychoses have been investigated for genetic and environmental etiological factors for over two centuries. Recent emphasis has been placed on a genetic (diathesis) environmental stress model. For schizophrenia, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses, research evidence from psycho-biological studies, family, pedigree, twin, and adoptee studies has provided sufficient data from diagnostic and follow-up studies and new psychopharmacological research that for these three major psychoses a strong necessary but not sufficient basis for genetic causation exists. This review attempts to summarize existing data into a hypothesis that suggests that two separate gene pools of polygenic nature relate to the development of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness and that schizo-affective illness may result from genetic transmission from each of these separate gene pools. The hypothetical model for each psychosis proposes that polygenetic inheritance affects different central nervous system neuroanatomical sites in the human which are in homeostasis as to catecholamine neurotransmitter regulation of the psyche. With sufficient environmental stress, an "imbalance" occurs in the neural integrative systems which produces phenotypically the three separate psychotic behavioral syndromes of schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and schizo-affective psychosis.
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PMID:Genetic and other factors in schizophrenic, manic-depressive, and schizo-affective psychoses. 32 Feb 88

Since neither the unipolar nor the bipolar theories of manic-depressive psychosis explain all its features, an alternative model was tested. The hypotheses are that mixed affective psychoses represent a superimposition on hypomania of a second type of depression which can sometimes develop from the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis, and that schizophrenia occurring in the course of a manic-depressive illness is an alternative to mixed affective psychosis. From an examination of the clinical histories of a random sample of people with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis, evidence was found to support both ideas.
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PMID:Mixed affective states and the natural history of manic-depressive psychosis. 42 31

The quarterly distribution of births of patients born in England and Wales 1921-60 and first admitted in 1970-75 was examined by decade of birth and by age at year of admission. For patients with schizophrenia and affective psychosis, the distribution varied: in the early decade (1921-30), and for older patients (45-54 years) the proportion of births in the fourth quarter of the year was high, compared with expectation from live births in the general population; but it became lower in succeeding decades and for younger age groups. No comparable change occurred for births of patients with neurosis or personality disorder.
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PMID:Variations in the seasonal distribution of births of psychotic patients in England and Wales. 62 48

The change in paragraph 218 of the criminal code regarding abortion was responsible for new guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation regarding a therapeutic abortion is reported. The commonest indications were medical reasons such as exhaustion, and reactive depression. There was one case of schizophrenia, one case of affective psychosis, two attempted suicides, twenty reactive depressions, one character disorder, and one case of cerebral seizures. Five applications were approved. The follow-up evaluation of the women with the approved and dismissed applications for therapeutic abortions showed no physical or psychic abnormalities. A comparison with 88 German applicants showed similar results. The stringent evaluation of applications for therapeutic abortion is still necessary even after the change of the law.
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PMID:[Desire for therapeutic abortion in the dependents of foreign workers. Outpatients psychiatric evaluation (author's transl)]. 70 Mar 47

Most earlier studies and all recent studies on national samples have shown that compared with live births in the control population, schizophrenic patients have a significant excess of birth rates in the winter or early months of the year. In contrast, only some of the early research efforts and only some of the national studies (in England and Wales as well as for certain decades in Sweden) have demonstrated that the same holds true for patients with affective psychosis. The present German study, carried out on affective disorder diagnosed in a strongly Kurt Schneider-oriented clinic, found (as did most Scandinavian research on national samples) that there was no significant overrepresentation of births in the winter or early months of the year for all types of affective disorder, neurotic as well as psychotic. Thus, the findings on Schneider-diagnosed affective disturbances were similar to those on Schneider-diagnosed schizophrenia reported elsewhere.
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PMID:Season of birth and Schneider-oriented diagnosis of affective disorder. 103 19

The report contains the results of an examination of 709 patients with catatonia, paranoid, schizoaffective forms of schizophrenia. The study involved an investigation of the form, sex, general amount of psychotic episodes depending upon the time of observation, duration of productive episodes and the intervals between them. The achieved results indicate to a close correlation between the productive manifestations in schixophrenia and affective psychosis.
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PMID:[Onset and course of schizophrenia (the results of a statistical study)]. 117 95

A two-year sample of 179 consecutive suicides in Monroe County, New York, was divided according to the presence or absence of previous psychiatric contacts based on a country-wide psychiatric case register (PCR). After a brief description of the total suicide group, the 45% of suicides with PCR contacts are compared to the suicides without such contacts and to the total PCR population. Findings suggest that there are some important differences between psychiatric patients at high risk for suicide compared to other groups. The PCR suicides were almost equally male or female, had a median age of 42 years, had high proportions of persons divorced or widowed, and unemployed or retired. Persons diagnosed as alcohol abusers, or as having affective psychosis, depressive neurosis, or schizophrenia were especially at risk.
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PMID:Suicide by persons with and without psychiatric contacts. 125 97

The conventional distinction between schizophrenia and manic depression has received little objective support from recent studies of phenomenology, outcome, or familial homotypy. Instead, much clinical, epidemiological, and morphological evidence suggests that within the broad range of Schneiderian schizophrenia there exists one form (congenital schizophrenia) that can be distinguished from other types, the manifestations of which are confined to adult life. We hypothesize that congenital schizophrenia is a consequence of aberrant brain development during fetal and neonatal life. Such patients show structural brain changes and cognitive impairment, and in their male predominance, early onset, and poor outcome, they reflect Kraepelin's original description of dementia praecox. We contend that adult-onset schizophrenia is itself heterogeneous. One important component is a relapsing and remitting disorder that is more frequent in females than in males, exhibits positive but not negative symptoms, and has much in common etiologically with affective psychosis. There also exists a very-late-onset group in which degenerative brain disorder is implicated.
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PMID:A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. 137 34

Reactive psychosis is a common diagnosis in the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland) and in several other parts of the world. In ICD-9 and DSM-III-R, the concept is defined more narrowly than in the Nordic tradition. In this study we examined the interrater reliability of the Nordic concept by the case-summary method between clinicians from 9 university departments in the Nordic countries. The results show that Nordic psychiatrists have a reasonably reliable concept of reactive psychosis, and that this psychosis can be diagnosed as reliably as schizophrenia and affective psychosis.
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PMID:The Nordic concept of reactive psychosis--a multicenter reliability study. 141 2

A retrospective chart review of 50 pharmacotherapeutically resistant patients was performed after treatment with NET in 1986-1988. 28 patients suffered from schizophrenia and 22 from affective psychosis. In contrast to literature where NET as therapy of first choice has favourable results in depression in this study 60.7% of the treatment resistant acute schizophrenics responded well to NET. 3 months after discharge from hospital 9 schizophrenics (32.1%) but only 3 patients with affective psychosis (13.6%) presented a 'good' outcome (full remission). A longer duration of schizophrenia (more than 5 years since first manifestation) and a good response to neuroleptics in history was predictive for a good actual NET response (14 of 17 patients), whereas 7 of 11 patients suffering from schizophrenia less than 3 years without any period of full remission on neuroleptics were also non-responders to NET.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of neuro-electric therapy in drug resistant endogenous psychoses]. 167 54


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