Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0036341 (schizophrenia)
 60,220 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Standing in the midst of this great historical change, as sometimes it is called the switch to the "post-modern", we are now confronted with the demand of paradigm change in every field of scientific knowledge. So it is the case with psychiatry. Just about 100 years ago, the trend of "social defense" (society's need to be protected from harm) was going on covering the whole civilized countries. It brought about a situation that could be generalized as "institutionalism" which made mental hospitals huge and custodial, resulting in the prevalence of nihilism with regard to treatment. It was just at this time that Dementia praecox, the preconcept of Schizophrenia, was formed by Kraepelin, E. (1896) as a mental disease resulting in peculiar dementia. After some period, Dementia praecox was transformed into Schizophrenia (Gruppe der Schizophrenien) by Bleuler, E. (1908) with a new methodology: to grasp the disease from the symptomatic viewpoint. Jaspers, K. (1912) as well as Schneider, K. (1938) followed him in the way that was psychopathologically more strict; the latter reached the formulation of the <symptoms of 1st rank>. Despite this eventful metamorphosis of the concept of Schizophrenia, its fundamental traits have remained unchanged until the late 1960's. They could be summarized as follows: 1) What patients mention is incomprehensible; 2) The prognosis leads to peculiar dementia; 3) The real cause of the disease is the brain disorder. These three are the reflection of the custodialism, curative nihilism and materialism through the institutionalized mental hospitals in those days. Now, since the 1970's, the situation has been completely changed, or at least, faced with inevitable changes. The tide of "deinstitutionalization" is covering all over the civilized countries, demanding the normalization of mentally disordered persons. Thus, deprived of its motherland (i.e. institutionalism), the concept of Schizophrenia has got into confusion or even crisis. And in order to relieve this confusion, severe attempts are internationally being made to identify the diagnostic criteria of Schizophrenia by means of what they call "operational diagnosis". I believe, however, that what is truely necessary is not such a compromising modification, but a more radical change that is: the DECONSTRUCTION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA.
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PMID:[The deconstructions of schizophrenia (I)]. 756 13

Despite being one of the most prevalent psychiatric conditions, SCHIZOPHRENIA is still poorly understood, with no clear objective biological marker. The advent of neuroimaging has enabled in vivo investigations to complement older techniques, and has revealed important insights. fMRI provides a means to assess the neurobiological theory that schizophrenia is caused by abnormal fronto-temporal lobe connections. In studies of language abnormalities, fMRI can explicitly assess the hypothesis that the normal lateralization of language is reversed in schizophrenia. Longitudinal fMRI studies, and studies examining the effects of medication, suggest that the technique has further potential to advance our understanding of this complex disorder.
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PMID:fMRI and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. 1116 37

Palauans are an isolated population in Micronesia with lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia (SCZD) of 2%, compared to the world rate of approximately 1%. The possible enrichment for SCZD genes, in conjunction with the potential for reduced etiological heterogeneity and the opportunity to ascertain statistically powerful extended pedigrees, makes Palauans a population of choice for the mapping of SCZD genes. We have used a Markov-chain Monte Carlo method to perform a genomewide multipoint analysis in seven extended pedigrees from Palau. Robust multipoint parametric and nonparametric linkage (NPL) analyses were performed under three nested diagnostic classifications-core, spectrum, and broad. We observed four regions of interest across the genome. Two of these regions-on chromosomes 2p13-14 (for which, under core diagnostic classification, NPL=6.5 and parametric LOD=4.8) and 13q12-22 (for which, under broad diagnostic classification, parametric LOD=3.6, and, under spectrum diagnostic classification, parametric LOD=3.5)-had evidence for linkage with genomewide significance, after correction for multiple testing; with the current pedigree resource and genotyping, these regions are estimated to be 4.3 cM and 19.75 cM in size, respectively. A third region, with intermediate evidence for linkage, was identified on chromosome 5q22-qter (for which, under broad diagnostic classification, parametric LOD=2.5). The fourth region of interest had only borderline suggestive evidence for linkage (on 3q24-28; for this region, under broad diagnostic classification, parametric LOD=2.0). All regions exhibited evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Our findings provide significant evidence for susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2p13-14 and 13q12-22 and support both a model of genetic heterogeneity and the utility of a broader set of diagnostic classifications in the population from Palau.
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PMID:Genomewide multipoint linkage analysis of seven extended Palauan pedigrees with schizophrenia, by a Markov-chain Monte Carlo method. 1166 28

Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a novel gene associated with schizophrenia by multiple genetic studies. In order to determine how mutations in DISC1 might cause susceptibility to schizophrenia, we undertook a comprehensive study of the cellular biology of DISC1 in its full-length and disease-associated mutant forms. DISC1 interacts by yeast two-hybrid, mammalian two-hybrid, and co-immunoprecipitation assays with multiple proteins of the centrosome and cytoskeletal system, including MIPT3, MAP1A and NUDEL; proteins which localize receptors to membranes, including alpha-actinin2 and beta4-spectrin; and proteins which transduce signals from membrane receptors, including ATF4 and ATF5. Truncated mutant DISC1 fails to interact with ATF4, ATF5 or NUDEL. Deletion mapping demonstrated that DISC1 has distinct interaction domains: MAP1A interacts via its LC2 domain with the N-terminus of DISC1, whereas MIPT3 and NUDEL bind via their C-terminal domains to the central coiled-coil domain of DISC1, and ATF4/5 bind via their C-terminal domains to the C-terminus of DISC1. In its full-length form, DISC1 protein localizes to predominantly perinuclear punctate structures which extend into neurites in some cells; mutant truncated DISC1, by contrast, is seen in a diffuse pattern throughout the cytoplasm and abundantly in neurites. Both forms co-localize with the centrosomal complex, although truncated less abundantly than full-length DISC1. Although both full-length and mutant DISC1 are found in microtubule fractions, neither form of DISC1 appears to bind directly to microtubules, but rather do so in a MIPT3-dependent fashion that is stabilized by taxol. Based on these data, we propose that DISC1 is a multifunctional protein whose truncation contributes to schizophrenia susceptibility by disrupting intracellular transport, neurite architecture and/or neuronal migration, all of which have been hypothesized to be pathogenic in the schizophrenic brain.
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PMID:DISC1 (Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1) is a centrosome-associated protein that interacts with MAP1A, MIPT3, ATF4/5 and NUDEL: regulation and loss of interaction with mutation. 1281 86

Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was identified as a novel gene disrupted by a (1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) translocation that segregated with schizophrenia in a Scottish family. Predicted DISC1 product has no significant homology to other known proteins. Here, we demonstrated the existence of DISC1 protein and identified fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1) as an interacting partner of DISC1 by a yeast two-hybrid study. FEZ1 and its nematode homolog are reported to represent a new protein family involved in axonal outgrowth and fasciculation. In cultured hippocampal neurons, DISC1 and FEZ1 colocalized in growth cones. Interactions of these proteins were associated with F-actin. In the course of neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells, upregulation of DISC1/FEZ1 interaction was observed as along with enhanced extension of neurites by overexpression of DISC1. The present study shows that DISC1 participates in neurite outgrowth through its interaction with FEZ1. Recent studies have provided reliable evidence that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder. As there is a high level of DISC1 expression in developing rat brain, dysfunction of DISC1 may confer susceptibility to psychiatric illnesses through abnormal development of the nervous system.
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PMID:Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1, a candidate gene for schizophrenia, participates in neurite outgrowth. 1287 5

Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was identified as a novel gene disrupted by a (1;11)(q42.1;q14.3) translocation that segregated with major mental disorders in a Scottish family. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we screened a human brain cDNA library for interactors of the DISC1 protein. One of the positive clones encoded kendrin/pericentrin-B, a giant protein known to localize specifically to the centrosome. The interaction between DISC1 and kendrin in mammalian cells was demonstrated by an immunoprecipitation assay. Residues 446-533 of DISC1 were essential for the interaction with kendrin. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed the colocalization of DISC1 and kendrin to the centrosome. These data indicate that DISC1 localizes to the centrosome by binding to kendrin. Kendrin has been reported to anchor the gamma-tubulin complex to the centrosome, providing microtubule nucleation sites. The present study suggests the possible involvement of DISC1 in the pathophysiology of mental disorders due to its putative effect on centrosomal function.
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PMID:DISC1 localizes to the centrosome by binding to kendrin. 1509 96

Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was identified as a potential susceptibility gene for schizophrenia due to its disruption by a balanced t(1;11) (q42;q14) translocation, which has been shown to cosegregate with major psychiatric disease in a large Scottish family. We have recently presented evidence that DISC1 exists in a neurodevelopmentally regulated protein complex with Nudel. In this study, we report the protein expression profile of DISC1 in the adult and developing mouse brain utilizing immunohistochemistry and quantitative Western blot. In the adult mouse brain, DISC1 is expressed in neurons within various brain areas including the olfactory bulb, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and brain stem. During development, DISC1 protein is detected at all stages, from E10 to 6 months old, with two significant peaks of protein expression of a DISC1 isoform at E13.5 and P35. Interestingly, these time points correspond to critical stages during mouse development, the active neurogenesis period in the developing brain and the period of puberty. Together, these results suggest that DISC1 may play a critical role in brain development, consistent with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of the etiology of schizophrenia.
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PMID:Expression of disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein in the adult and developing mouse brain indicates its role in neurodevelopment. 1538 24

Schizophrenia (SCZD) or schizoaffective disorders are quite common features in patients with DiGeorge/velo-cardio-facial syndrome (DGS/VCFS) as a result of chromosome 22q11.2 aploinsufficiency. We evaluated the Nogo-66 receptor gene (RTN4R), which maps within the DGS/VCFS critical region, as a potential candidate for schizophrenia susceptibility. RTN4R encodes for a functional cell surface receptor, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein, with multiple leucine-rich repeats (LRR), which is implicated in axonal growth inhibition. One hundred and twenty unrelated Italian schizophrenic patients were screened for mutations in the RTN4R gene using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Three mutant alleles were detected, including two missense changes (c.355C>T; R119W and c.587G>A; R196H), and one synonymous codon variant (c.54G>A; L18L). The two schizophrenic patients with the missense changes were strongly resistant to the neuroleptic treatment at any dosage. Both missense changes were absent in 300 control subjects. Molecular modeling revealed that both changes lead to putative structural alterations of the native protein.
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PMID:Mutations of the Nogo-66 receptor (RTN4R) gene in schizophrenia. 1553 24

Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was identified as the sole gene whose ORF is truncated and cosegregates with major mental illnesses in a Scottish family. DISC1 has also been suggested, by association and linkage studies, to be a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia (SZ) in independent populations. However, no analysis of DISC1 protein in human brains, especially those of patients with SZ, has yet been conducted. Here we performed a biochemical analysis of DISC1 protein in a well characterized set of autopsied brains, including brains of patients with SZ, bipolar disorder, and major depression (MD), as well as normal control brains. We identified an isoform of DISC1 by using MS and demonstrated that it is enriched in the nucleus of HeLa cells. In the orbitofrontal cortex, the subcellular distribution of this DISC1 isoform, assessed by the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio in the immunoreactivity of the isoform, is significantly changed in brains from patients with SZ and MD. This altered distribution is also observed in those subjects with substance and alcohol abuse. The changes in MD brains are significantly influenced by substance/alcohol abuse as well as postmortem interval; however, the alteration in SZ brains is free from brain-associated confounding factors, although an interaction with substance/alcohol abuse cannot be completely ruled out. These results suggest that DISC1 may be implicated in psychiatric conditions in other populations than the unique Scottish family.
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PMID:A form of DISC1 enriched in nucleus: altered subcellular distribution in orbitofrontal cortex in psychosis and substance/alcohol abuse. 1565 24

Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) has been identified as a putative risk factor for schizophrenia and affective disorders through study of a Scottish family with a balanced (1;11) (q42.1;q14.3) translocation, which results in the disruption of the DISC1 locus and cosegregates with major psychiatric disease. Several other reports of genetic linkage and association between DISC1 and schizophrenia in a range of patient populations have added credibility to the DISC1-schizophrenia theory, but the function of the DISC1 protein is still poorly understood. Recent studies have suggested that DISC1 plays a role in neuronal outgrowth, possibly through reported interactions with the molecules Nudel and FEZ1. Here we have analyzed the DISC1 protein sequence to identify previously unknown regions that are important for the correct targeting of the protein and conducted imaging studies to identify DISC1 subcellular location. We have identified a central coiled-coil region and show it is critical for the subcellular targeting of DISC1. This domain is independent from the C-terminal Nudel binding domain highlighting the multidomain nature/functionality of the DISC1 protein. Furthermore, we have been able to provide the first direct evidence that DISC1 is localized to mitochondria in cultured cortical neurons that are dependent on an intact cytoskeleton. Surprisingly, Nudel is seen to differentially associate with mitochondrial markers in comparison to DISC1. Disruption of the cytoskeleton results in colocalization of Nudel and mitochondrial markers-the first observation of such a direct relationship. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated to play a role in schizophrenia so we speculate that mutations in DISC1 or Nudel may impair mitochondrial transport or function, initiating a cascade of events culminating in psychiatric illness.
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PMID:Subcellular targeting of DISC1 is dependent on a domain independent from the Nudel binding site. 1579 9


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