Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0035412 (rhabdomyosarcoma)
 6,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recombinant class 2 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2) was used in an approach to probe the formation and location of enzymatically active urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) sites on the surface of cultured human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells). Activation of pro-u-PA on the cell surface and consequent binding of PAI-2 was dependent on the addition of native plasminogen to serum cultures of the cells. Inhibition of the enzyme activity of surface-bound u-PA by the added PAI-2 resulted in a 79% reduction in the capacity of the RD cells to generate cell surface-associated plasmin activity from bound plasminogen. Under these conditions, the PAI-2 probe was localized at focal adhesions of RD cells, where it colocalized with both extracellular u-PA and intracellular vinculin antigens in double immunofluorescence labeling. Specificity of the probe's interaction with cell surface-bound u-PA was confirmed by blocking with a monoclonal antibody to human u-PA, which could also inhibit the formation of bound plasmin activity. These results showed the assembly of the plasmin-generating system at focal adhesions and the accessibility of bound u-PA on which it depends to added PAI-2. Therefore, PAI-2 has the potential both to localize at sites of tumor expression of functionally active u-PA and simultaneously to inhibit cell surface plasminogen activation.
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PMID:Prourokinase activation on the surface of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells: localization and inactivation of newly formed urokinase-type plasminogen activator by recombinant class 2 plasminogen activator inhibitor. 213 29

By use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we have found that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) causes an approximately 10-fold increase in the level of type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) accumulated in conditioned medium of the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Half-maximal stimulation occurred at approximately equal to 15 nM PMA. The effect was only observed with phorbol esters that are tumor promoting. Maximal levels of secreted PAI-1 were observed 24 h after PMA addition. The increase in secreted PAI-1 was preceded by a transient approximately 10-fold increase in intracellular PAI-1 content, maximal at 8 h after PMA addition. There was a 20-fold increase in the cellular level of two 2.3- and 3.4-kilobase PAI-1 mRNAs and a more than 5-fold increase in the PAI-1 gene transcription rate. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml) also increased the level of PAI-1 mRNA, and when both cycloheximide and PMA were used, an additive effect was observed. Cycloheximide changed the ratio between the two PAI-1 mRNAs in favor of the 3.4-kilobase species. Overall, the data show that transcriptional activation of the PAI-1 gene forms part of the pleiotropic responses to tumor-promoting phorbol esters.
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PMID:Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 protein, mRNA and gene transcription are increased by phorbol esters in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. 326 18

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) binds to its receptor, uPAR, on the surface of cancer cells, leading to the formation of plasmin. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cell lines secrete high levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), suggesting autocrine IGFs play a major role in the unregulated growth and metastasis of RMS. In vitro, IGF-II and IGF-I increased migration of RD cells to 124+/-9% (P<0.01) and 131+/-8% (P<0.05) of control, respectively. IGF-II-induced migration was abolished by insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) (P<0.01), a relatively specific inhibitor of IGF-II, and by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) (P<0.05). Aprotinin, a plasmin inhibitor, and mannosamine, which inhibits the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), thereby preventing anchorage of GPI-linked proteins such as uPAR to the cell membrane, also decreased IGF-II- (P<0.05 for both) but not IGF-I-induced migration. [Arg54,Arg55]IGF-II and [Leu27]IGF-II, which preferentially bind to the IGF-I and IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptors (IGF-II/M6PR), respectively, both induced RD cell migration to 146+/-8% (P<0.01) and 120+/-7% (P<0.05) of control, respectively. An anti-uPAR anti-serum reduced IGF-II- and IGF-I-induced migration (P<0.05 for both). An anti-low density lipoprotein-related protein (LRP) anti-serum reduced IGF-I-induced migration (P<0.05). IGF-I and -II both increased specific 125I-single chain uPA (scuPA) binding to RD cells in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). These results suggest involvement of the PA/plasmin system in IGF-induced migration and indicate important roles these systems may have in RMS metastasis.
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PMID:Urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor is involved in insulin-like growth factor-induced migration of rhabdomyosarcoma cells in vitro. 1294 49

Pseudomyogenic (epithelioid sarcoma-like) hemangioendothelioma is a distinctive vascular neoplasm of intermediate biological potential with a predilection for young adults and frequent multifocal presentation. Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma is characterized by loose fascicles of plump spindled and epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and coexpression of keratins and endothelial markers. Recently, a SERPINE1-FOSB fusion has been identified as a consistent genetic alteration in pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma. FOSB gene fusions have also been reported in a subset of epithelioid hemangiomas. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential diagnostic utility of FOSB immunohistochemistry for pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma compared with other endothelial neoplasms and histologic mimics. We evaluated whole-tissue sections from 274 cases including 50 pseudomyogenic hemangioendotheliomas, 84 other vascular tumors (24 epithelioid hemangiomas [including 6 cases with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia histology], 20 epithelioid angiosarcomas, 20 epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas [17 CAMTA1 positive, 2 TFE3 positive], 10 spindle-cell angiosarcomas, and 10 epithelioid angiomatous nodules), and 140 other histologic mimics (20 each epithelioid sarcoma, proliferative fasciitis, nodular fasciitis, cellular benign fibrous histiocytoma, spindle-cell squamous cell carcinoma, spindle-cell rhabdomyosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma). Immunohistochemistry for FOSB was performed following pressure cooker antigen retrieval using a rabbit monoclonal antibody. Diffuse nuclear immunoreactivity for FOSB (>50% of cells) was observed in 48 of 50 (96%) pseudomyogenic hemangioendotheliomas and 13 of 24 (54%) epithelioid hemangiomas (including all angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia type). Both FOSB-negative pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma cases were decalcified bone tumors. Only 7 other tumors showed diffuse FOSB expression: 2 proliferative fasciitis, 2 nodular fasciitis, 1 epithelioid angiosarcoma, 1 spindle-cell angiosarcoma, and 1 epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Of note, the FOSB-positive epithelioid hemangioendothelioma was negative for CAMTA1 and TFE3. Focal weak FOSB staining was observed in a subset of histologic mimics and is therefore not diagnostically meaningful. In conclusion, FOSB is a highly sensitive and diagnostically useful marker for pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma. Immunohistochemistry for FOSB may be helpful to distinguish pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma from histologic mimics including epithelioid sarcoma and other vascular neoplasms. As expected, a subset of epithelioid hemangiomas expresses FOSB, including angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Although occasional cases of nodular and proliferative fasciitis are positive for FOSB, distinction between these tumor types and pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma is usually straightforward based on morphology and other immunophenotypic findings.
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PMID:FOSB is a Useful Diagnostic Marker for Pseudomyogenic Hemangioendothelioma. 2800 8

Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a histone lysine demethylase with the main specificity for H3K4me2, has been shown to be overexpressed in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) tumor samples. However, its role in RMS biology is not yet well understood. Here, we identified a new role of LSD1 in regulating adhesion of RMS cells. Genetic knockdown of LSD1 profoundly suppressed clonogenic growth in a panel of RMS cell lines, whereas LSD1 proved to be largely dispensable for regulating cell death and short-term survival. Combined RNA and ChIP-sequencing performed to analyze RNA expression and histone methylation at promoter regions revealed a gene set enrichment for adhesion-associated terms upon LSD1 knockdown. Consistently, LSD1 knockdown significantly reduced adhesion to untreated surfaces. Importantly, precoating of the plates with the adhesives collagen I or fibronectin rescued this reduced adhesion of LSD1 knockdown cells back to levels of control cells. Using KEGG pathway analysis, we identified 17 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in LSD1 knockdown cells related to adhesion processes, which were validated by qRT-PCR. Combining RNA and ChIP-sequencing results revealed that, within this set of genes, SPP1, C3AR1, ITGA10 and SERPINE1 also exhibited increased H3K4me2 levels at their promoter regions in LSD1 knockdown compared to control cells. Indeed, LSD1 ChIP experiments confirmed enrichment of LSD1 at their promoter regions, suggesting a direct transcriptional regulation by LSD1. By identifying a new role of LSD1 in the modulation of cell adhesion and clonogenic growth of RMS cells, these findings highlight the importance of LSD1 in RMS.
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PMID:Next-generation sequencing reveals a novel role of lysine-specific demethylase 1 in adhesion of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. 3175 10