Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0035412 (rhabdomyosarcoma)
 6,156 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The STAT multigene family of transcriptional regulators conveys signals from several cytokines and growth factors upon phosphorylation by janus kinases (JAK). Activation of STAT5 is typically mediated by JAK2, but more recent data indicate a direct activation by the insulin receptor kinase. STAT5 exists in two closely homologous isoforms, STAT5a and b. We here describe the selective tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5b in Kym-1 cells in response to insulin. Blocking insulin signalling by HNMPA-(AM)(3), an insulin receptor kinase inhibitor, resulted in the loss of insulin-induced STAT5b tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas the inhibition of JAK2 by the JAK selective inhibitor tyrphostin AG490 had no effect. By contrast, in the same cells, IFNgamma-induced STAT5b activation was JAK2-dependent, indicating that this signal pathway is functional in Kym-1 cells. We conclude from this rhabdomyosarcoma model that STAT5b, but not STAT5a is a direct target of the insulin receptor kinase.
 ...
PMID:Insulin selectively activates STAT5b, but not STAT5a, via a JAK2-independent signalling pathway in Kym-1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. 1061 97

The expression and biological function of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) receptors was studied in a panel of rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines derived from embryonal and alveolar histotype. All the cell lines expressed both the high affinity receptor TrkA and the low affinity receptor p75(NTR). Treatment with exogenous NGF did not considerably alter rhabdomyosarcoma cell growth or differentiation, but significantly inhibited spontaneous apoptosis as well as apoptosis, and induced by serum starvation or apoptosis induced by treatment with cycloheximide (CHX). Rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines expressed NGF and other neurotrophins and trace amounts of NGF protein were found in the supernatants of rhabdomyosarcoma cell cultures. Blocking the putative autocrine loop with an anti-NGF antibody resulted in an increase in apoptosis compared with control cultures. These data suggest that the simultaneous presence of both high and low affinity NGF receptors engaged by endogenous or exogenous NGF might contribute to the escape from apoptosis exhibited by the rhabdomyosarcoma cells.
 ...
PMID:An anti-apoptotic role for NGF receptors in human rhabdomyosarcoma. 1152 1

Programmed cell death pathways have been implicated in the mechanism by which neurons die following brief and prolonged seizures, but the significance of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in the process remains poorly defined. Expression of the death agonist Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) is under the control of the forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma (FKHR) transcription factors. This prompted us to examine the response of this pathway to experimental seizures and in hippocampi from patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. A short period of status epilepticus in rats that damaged the hippocampus activated FKHR/FKHRL-1 and induced a significant increase in expression of Bim. Blocking of FKHR/FKHRL-1 dephosphorylation after seizures improved hippocampal neuronal survival in vivo, and Bim antisense oligonucleotides were neuroprotective against seizures in vitro. Inhibition of Akt increased the FKHR/Bim response and DNA fragmentation within the normally resistant cortex. Analysis of hippocampi from patients with intractable epilepsy revealed that Bim levels were significantly lower than in controls and FKHR was inhibited; we were able to reproduce these results experimentally in rats by evoking multiple brief, noninjurious electroshock seizures. We conclude that Bim expression may be a critical determinant of whether seizures damage the brain, and that its control may be neuroprotective in status epilepticus and epilepsy.
 ...
PMID:Bim regulation may determine hippocampal vulnerability after injurious seizures and in temporal lobe epilepsy. 1505 1

The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) and its ligands (IGF-I and IGF-II) have been implicated in the growth, survival, and metastasis of a broad range of malignancies including pediatric tumors. Blocking the IGF-IR action is a potential cancer treatment. A fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibody, SCH 717454 (19D12, robatumumab), specific to IGF-IR, has shown potent antitumor effects in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. In this study, SCH 717454 was evaluated in several pediatric solid tumors including neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. SCH 717454 is shown here to downregulate IGF-IR as well as inhibit IGF-IR and insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation in pediatric tumor cells. IGF-IR and insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation in the tumor cells. In vivo, SCH 717454 exhibits activity as a single agent and significantly inhibited growth of neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma tumor xenografts. Combination of SCH 717454 with cisplatin or cyclophosphamide enhanced both the degree and the duration of the in vivo antitumor activity compared with single-agent treatments. Furthermore, SCH 717454 treatment markedly reduced Ki-67 expression and blood vessel formation in tumor xenografts, showing that the in vivo activity is derived from its inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis activity.
 ...
PMID:A fully human insulin-like growth factor-I receptor antibody SCH 717454 (Robatumumab) has antitumor activity as a single agent and in combination with cytotoxics in pediatric tumor xenografts. 2012 53

Oncolytic virotherapy is an effective immunotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment via a multistep process including direct tumor cell lysis, induction of cytotoxic or apoptosis-sensitizing cytokines and promotion of antitumor T cell responses. Solid tumors limit the effectiveness of immunotherapeutics in diverse ways such as secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and expression of immune inhibitory ligands to inhibit antitumor T cell function. Blocking programmed cell death protein (PD)-1 signaling, which mediates T cell suppression via engagement of its inhibitory ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, is of particular interest due to recent successes in many types of cancer. In syngeneic murine rhabdomyosarcoma models, we found that M3-9-M (MHC I high) but not 76-9 (MHC I low) tumors respond to oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV-1) and PD-1 blockade combination therapy. In addition, the therapeutic outcomes in M3-9-M tumor models correlated with the increased incidence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but not with the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell populations in the tumor. Overall, our data suggest the combination of PD-1 blockade and oHSV-1 may be an effective treatment strategy for childhood soft tissue sarcoma.
 ...
PMID:Cooperation of Oncolytic Herpes Virotherapy and PD-1 Blockade in Murine Rhabdomyosarcoma Models. 2853 88

Viruses have evolved unique strategies to evade or subvert autophagy machinery. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) induces autophagy during infection in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we report that EV-A71 triggers autolysosome formation during infection in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells to facilitate its replication. Blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion with chloroquine inhibited virus RNA replication, resulting in lower viral titres, viral RNA copies and viral proteins. Overexpression of the non-structural protein 2BC of EV-A71 induced autolysosome formation. Yeast 2-hybrid and co-affinity purification assays showed that 2BC physically and specifically interacted with a N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) protein, syntaxin-17 (STX17). Co-immunoprecipitation assay further showed that 2BC binds to SNARE proteins, STX17 and synaptosome associated protein 29 (SNAP29). Transient knockdown of STX17, SNAP29, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), crucial proteins in the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes) as well as the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) impaired production of infectious EV-A71 in RD cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the generation of autolysosomes triggered by the 2BC non-structural protein is important for EV-A71 replication, revealing a potential molecular pathway targeted by the virus to exploit autophagy. This study opens the possibility for the development of novel antivirals that specifically target 2BC to inhibit formation of autolysosomes during EV-A71 infection.
 ...
PMID:2BC Non-Structural Protein of Enterovirus A71 Interacts with SNARE Proteins to Trigger Autolysosome Formation. 2867 44