Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0035078 (renal failure)
 31,970 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The treacherous and deceptive nature of pheochromocytoma makes it crucial to detect and treat it promptly; otherwise it will almost certainly be fatal from cardiovascular complications or metastases. Hypertension occurring in patients with pheochromocytomas is sustained in about 50% and paroxysmal in the remainder; however, many patients remain normotensive. Hypertension attacks may be precipitated by physical activity, postural changes, anxiety, certain foods or wine, some drugs, operative procedures, etc. Cardinal manifestations are paroxysmal hypertension, headache, palpitations +/- tachycardia, inappropriate sweating; anxiety, tremulousness, pallor (rarely flushing), chest and abdominal pains; nausea and vomiting often occur. Hypercatecholaminemia manifestations are more common and pronounced when paroxysmal hypertension occurs, but persons with familial pheochromocytoma may be asymptomatic. Protean manifestations of pheochromocytoma may simulate many conditions, some of which may have elevated plasma and urine catecholamines and their metabolites. Baro-reflex failure, postural tachycardia syndrome, sleep apnea, carcinoid, renal failure, and pseudopheochromocytoma may be diagnostic challenges. The history, physical examination, biochemical testing (after eliminating interfering drugs, when possible) for plasma and urinary metanephrines can usually establish or exclude presence of pheochromocytomas. Occasionally a clonidine suppression test is needed to differentiate neurogenic from pheochromocytic hypertension. Manifestations suggesting hypercatecholaminemia without hypertension are highly atypical of pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytoma may present as panic attacks, pre-eclampsia, cardiomyopathy, infection with fever and leucocytosis, diabetes, migraine, shock, Cushing's syndrome, multiple organ failure with lactic acidosis, neurological manifestations, transitory electrocardiogram abnormalities, constipation, intestinal obstruction, visual impairment, convulsions, etc. The key to diagnosis is always to think of pheochromocytoma in the differential diagnosis of hypertension.
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PMID:The protean manifestations of pheochromocytoma. 1924 99

Local progression of prostate cancer occurs when the tumor grows beyond the prostatic capsule and invades adjacent structures such as the urinary bladder, rectum, pelvic side-wall and ureters. This is an important clinical event that can in itself cause significant morbidity, impaired quality of life and even mortality. Patients with this condition may experience urinary symptoms due to bladder outlet obstruction by the tumor mass, ureteral obstruction and renal failure, hematuria due to invasion of the tumor into the bladder, and pelvic pain, constipation or tenesmus, as a result of rectal involvement. In the absence of metastasis, some patients with Locally advanced prostate cancer (LAPC) may survive for Longer than 5 years. Therefore, effective and durable palliation is necessary to reduce morbidity and maintain patient quality of life. ALthough the majority of the patients with LAPC cannot be cured by any currently available modality, effective palliation is an independent clinical endpoint. This article presents the LAPC syndrome and treatment options.
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PMID:[Palliative surgery for locally advanced prostate cancer]. 1989 58

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common in childhood. Presence of pyuria and bacteriuria in an appropriately collected urine sample are diagnostic of UTI. The risk of UTI is increased with an underlying urological abnormality such as vesicoureteral reflux, constipation, and voiding dysfunction. Patients with acute pyelonephritis are at risk of renal scarring and subsequent complications such as hypertension, proteinuria with and without FSGS, pregnancy-related complications and even end-stage renal failure. The relevance and the sequence of the renal imaging following initial UTI, and the role of antimicrobial prophylaxis and surgical intervention are currently undergoing an intense debate. Prompt treatment of UTI and appropriate follow-up of those at increased risk of recurrence and/or renal scarring are important.
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PMID:Managing urinary tract infections. 2140 31

The incidence of prostatic abscess is 0.5% in relation to all prostate pathologies and usually occurs in patients with diabetes or with some degree of immunosuppression. The case of a male patient, 84 years old, with a history of arterial hypertension and mild renal failure, presenting high fever, prostate syndrome, genital edema and constipation is reported. He was diagnosed with prostate abscess via transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Treatment was started with empirical meropenem and a puncture of the abscess was performed transperineally under TRUS guidance placing an 8-Fr nephrostomy tube for 36 h. The patient was discharged 48 h after the puncture with a good prognosis. TRUS-guided transperineal drainage is a safe, adequate and effective treatment for prostate abscess, and allows the placement of drainage for several hours thereby avoiding the communication between the abscessed cavity and the urethra or rectum. Therefore, after having reviewed the literature, we consider this approach suitable for drainage.
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PMID:Percutaneous drainage of prostatic abscess: case report and literature review. 2193 82

Adequate pain management is crucial in maintaining the best possible quality of life for terminally ill patients. This article examines pain management in the palliative care setting, based on a review of the literature using the standard Prescrire methodology. Accurate pain evaluation, preferably by the patient, is essential for guiding treatment decisions. Some causes of pain are amenable to specific treatments. The expected benefits and harms of the various treatment options and procedures must be weighed on a case by case basis. Quality of life should always be the first priority. The World Health Organization has developed a "three-step analgesic ladder", based on the use of increasingly potent analgesics: step I analgesics include paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); codeine is the standard step II analgesic; and morphine is the standard step III analgesic. Fentanyl is an alternative to morphine. The daily morphine dose must be determined for each patient. Morphine titration starts with oral doses given every 4 hours, but additional doses can be taken every hour if necessary. Total consumption is then used to calculate the dose required the following day. A sustained-release product can be used to reduce the number of doses required when a consistently effective daily dose has been established. When patients are unable to take morphine orally, it can be given by subcutaneous injection, and by subcutaneous or intravenous infusion. Pumps allow the patient to self-administer morphine on demand. Fentanyl transdermal patches are another option for stable pain. Immediate-release oral forms and injections are useful for preventing or treating breakthrough pain. If morphine requirements increase during treatment, the most likely explanations are exacerbations of pain or an excessively long interval between doses. Pharmacological tolerance and psychological dependence are rare during palliative care. In case of renal failure, the morphine dose should be reduced, sustained-release morphine should be replaced by immediate-release morphine, or morphine should be replaced by fentanyl, as fentanyl metabolism is only slightly affected by renal function. The main adverse effects of morphine are constipation, nausea and vomiting. Drowsiness is frequent at initiation of treatment. Respiratory depression is rare when morphine is introduced gradually. Tricyclic antidepressants and carbamazepine have acceptable harm-benefit balances in patients with neuropathic pain. Cannabinoids are another option but have not been adequately assessed. Localised refractory pain may respond to local anaesthesia, chemical neurolysis or surgical ablation. In practice, it is best to allow patients to control their own analgesic consumption, within limits set by their physician to prevent dosing errors.
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PMID:Analgesia for terminally ill adult patients. Preserve quality of life. 2206 17

A young boy with prior constipation developed recurrent severe calcium phosphate kidney calculi, sometimes sufficient to cause acute kidney failure and hydronephrosis. After several major surgeries, food allergies were determined by serum immunoglobulin E testing, and when he finally went on a gluten-free diet, he stopped forming calculi and has had no surgeries related to kidney calculi since. Hyperoxaluria was not identified in this child by 24-hour urine analysis, unlike most other reports of kidney calculus formation in individuals with gluten intolerance.
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PMID:A child with atypical celiac disease and recurrent urolithiasis. 2238 15

Buprenorphine is an opioid that has a complex and unique pharmacology which provides some advantages over other potent mu agonists. We review 12 reasons for considering buprenorphine as a frontline analgesic for moderate to severe pain: (1) Buprenorphine is effective in cancer pain; (2) buprenorphine is effective in treating neuropathic pain; (3) buprenorphine treats a broader array of pain phenotypes than do certain potent mu agonists, is associated with less analgesic tolerance, and can be combined with other mu agonists; (4) buprenorphine produces less constipation than do certain other potent mu agonists, and does not adversely affect the sphincter of Oddi; (5) buprenorphine has a ceiling effect on respiratory depression but not analgesia; (6) buprenorphine causes less cognitive impairment than do certain other opioids; (7) buprenorphine is not immunosuppressive like morphine and fentanyl; (8) buprenorphine does not adversely affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or cause hypogonadism; (9) buprenorphine does not significantly prolong the QTc interval, and is associated with less sudden death than is methadone; (10) buprenorphine is a safe and effective analgesic for the elderly; (11) buprenorphine is one of the safest opioids to use in patients in renal failure and those on dialysis; and (12) withdrawal symptoms are milder and drug dependence is less with buprenorphine. In light of evidence for efficacy, safety, versatility, and cost, buprenorphine should be considered as a first-line analgesic.
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PMID:Twelve reasons for considering buprenorphine as a frontline analgesic in the management of pain. 2280 53

Magnesium (Mg) , one of the fundamental minerals acting the co-factor of about 300 kinds of enzymes and natural Ca channel blocker, plays an important role of cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic functions in physiological, and pathophysiological conditions. Common abnormal Mg metabolism is an absolute or relative deficiency of Mg due to an attenuated Mg intake and an enhanced urinary Mg excretion, particularly in the metabolic syndrome (MetS) , type 2 diabetes (DM) , chronic heart failure (CHF) and hemodialysis (HD) patients with diabetes. It has been reported the Mg deficiency relating to enhanced risk of MetS and type 2 DM, and to fatal cardiac events in CHF and an atherosclerotic, vascular calcification in HD patients. On the otherhand, severe and fatal hypermagnesemia is very rare, except for the condition associated with high dose administration of Mg, renal failure and an abnormally enhanced Mg absorption from damaged intestine in the mesenteric ischemia/infarction, severe constipation or ileus. In this paper, we conduct to review and discuss the pathophysiological and pathogenetical role of the abnormal Mg metabolism focused on Mg deficiency, and the protective and therapeutic significance of Mg administration in the MetS, type 2 DM, CHF and diabetic HD patients.
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PMID:[Abnormalities of magnesium (Mg) metabolism and therapeutic significance of Mg administration in patients with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, heart failure and chronic hemodialysis]. 2284 58

We reported a case of primary seminal vesicle cancer, detected by FDG-PET/CT. A 65-year-old man with constipation and appetite loss was admitted to our hospital. An ultrasound examination revealed evidence of bilateral hydronephrosis. He was diagnosed as acute post renal failure, and nephrostomy was done. CT and MRI showed a solid mass in the area of seminal vesicle. He underwent transrectal core biopsy, which histologically showed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry showed the tumor to be CA125 positive, CEA positive and CK7 positive but PSA negative. FDG-PET/CT revealed an increased uptake of FDG only in the area of seminal vesicle. Serum CA125 was elevated and PSA stayed within normal limit. Primaly rectal carcinoma was ruled out by colonoscopy. The result of transperineal prostate biopsy was negative. We diagnosed him as suffering from primary seminal vesicle carcinoma. Anti-androgen blockade and radiotherapy to whole pelvis were performed, and serum CA125 level was improved. But, 6 months later serum CA125 re-elevated and 19 months later multiple liver metastases were noted. The patient received two cycles of docetaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy, however he developed pulmonaly embolism and rectal bleeding by tumor invasion and he died of his disease 22 months after the diagnosis.
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PMID:[A case of primary seminal vesicle cancer detected by FDG-PET/CT]. 2426 Nov 94

Vitamin D (VitD) intoxication, a well-known cause of hypercalcaemia in children, has renal, cardiac and neurological consequences. Iatrogenic or accidental administrations are the most common causes. We present two cases of hypervitaminosis D due to over-the-counter VitD supplement self-medication. A 12-year-old boy was hospitalised for abdominal pain, constipation and vomiting. Routine biochemistry indicated severe hypercalcaemia and renal failure. Plasma 25-OH VitD level was very high and parathyroid hormone was suppressed. Renal ultrasound showed nephrolithiasis. Hydration, diuretics and prednisone induced a progressive reduction of calcium levels. His brother, who was receiving the same treatment, was hospitalised although asymptomatic. Normal serum calcium and renal function were revealed, while 25-OH VitD was high and parathyroid hormone was suppressed. Renal ultrasound was within the normal range. Examination of the VitD content of the over-the-counter supplement revealed a higher amount than declared. VitD administration implies several risks and must be prescribed only when needed and under strict medical control.
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PMID:Vitamin D intoxication in two brothers: be careful with dietary supplements. 2467 Mar 44


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