Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0035078 (renal failure)
 31,970 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The presence of hypertension in domestic animals is poorly described. Values for hypertension were established in dogs using a direct blood pressure measurement. A protocol was devised to recognize and characterize primary (essential) and secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension was associated with marked elevations in blood pressure and can be shown to be a hereditary disease in dogs. Secondary hypertension is more common and most frequently associated with Cushing's disease and renal failure. Treatment to reduce blood pressure in both groups can be achieved using pharmacologic agents which are more effective than sodium restriction alone. Hypertension appears to be an underdiagnosed disease in dogs. The significance of chronic hypertension in dogs in terms of vascular pathology is not yet clear.
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PMID:Hypertension and renal function. 357 94

The hypothesis that endogenous digitalis-like compounds might participate in body sodium and water homeostasis have led us to investigate the presence in plasma of compounds interacting with digoxin antibodies in man and rats. The apparent levels of digoxin-equivalents in plasma of control subjects (n = 21) and patients with essential hypertension (n = 48) or end-stage renal failure (n = 13) were 24.7 +/- 3.2, 34.4 +/- 4.4 and 98.7 +/- 17.4 pg/ml, p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 respectively. Positive correlations were observed between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the apparent immunoreactivity of plasma. No relationship was found with the renal Na+ excretion or the plasma renin activity. The apparent digoxin-like immunoreactivity of the plasma was correlated with its ability to inhibit ouabain binding to the erythrocyte Na+ pump and to reduce the renal Na+,K+-ATPase activity. In rats with experimental hypertension, the plasma cross-reactivity with antidigoxin antibodies was also enhanced when compared to control rats (71.6 +/- 10.2 pg/ml, n = 12 and 57.3 +/- 5.0 pg/ml, n = 33 in Na+ loaded rats and in rats with reduced renal mass respectively compared to 43.4 +/- 3.7 pg/ml, n = 36, p less than 0.05). In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the apparent levels of digoxin- equivalents were higher than that of age-matched WKY normotensive rats. This increase was already present in prehypertensive SHR (3 week-old) (105.8 +/- 12.4 vs 40.0 +/- 6.5 pg/ml, n = 9 and 8, p less than 0.001) and persisted after hypertension has developed (134 +/- 12.6 vs 85 +/- 7.9 pg/ml, n = 7 and 8, p less than 0.005 in 30 week-old rats). The apparent affinity of the erythrocyte Na+,K+ cotransport for intracellular Na+ and the maximal rate of the Na+ pump were correlated with the plasma digoxin-like levels. These results confirm the presence in plasma of compounds possessing some of the functional and structural properties of cardioactive steroids, associated with a rise in blood pressure.
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PMID:Endogenous digitalis-like compounds in essential and experimental hypertension. 365 54

Pathophysiology, outcome and some therapeutic problems of hypertension were described. Frequency of secondary hypertension and its underlying diseases in a hypertensive population greatly varied by study population. In the adult general population (Hisayama study) it was estimated to be 3.8%. Significance of various tests was evaluated in the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension and primary aldosteronism. Consideration of sodium balance in the evaluation was very necessary. The usefulness of captopril test was emphasized. Blood pressure was tended to decrease in upright posture and ambulation in cases with essential hypertension responding to acute sodium depletion by a significant reduction in blood pressure. In the observation of diurnal rhythm of urinary sodium excretion, the peak phase appeared about 3 hours earlier in essential hypertension than in normal control and 5 to 6 hours later in primary aldosteronism and Cushing syndrome. Sympathoadrenal function was activated in young borderline hypertensives but not in middle-aged ones. Outcome of hypertension accompanying diabetes mellitus was poor. Cardiovascular disease and renal failure occurred much frequently. Significance of hypertension as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease was described based on the data obtained through prospective epidemiological study (Hisayama Study). Hypertension was significantly correlated with stroke but not with myocardial infarction. Serum cholesterol level did not significantly correlate with both stroke and myocardial infarction. Reduction in stroke incidence in recent years was described in relation to the changes in risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Pathophysiology and outcome of malignant hypertension (KW III-IV) were described in relation to underlying disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pathophysiology and outcome of hypertensive subjects. 389 32

Sodium, potassium and water distribution, central hemodynamic parameters, and plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels were examined in 48 patients with stable essential hypertension, including 10 males and 11 females with hypertensive crises aggravating the course of the disease, and in 18 controls. The individuals showing signs of heart and renal failure were excluded from the analysis. In female patients, the crise pattern of the disease was associated with marked changes of sodium metabolism, namely, raised extracellular fluid and plasma sodium levels, the patients with the crises having a more severe course of the disease, with higher, as compared to those of crises-free patients, total peripheral resistance and lower cardiac output values. In female patients with the crises, plasma renin activity was reduced 3.3-fold, while aldosterone levels remained unchanged, as compared to the levels of crises-free women. A direct correlation was demonstrated between the recurrence of the crises and total peripheral resistance. Causes of sodium retention in female patients with the crises are discussed.
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PMID:[Changes in water-electrolyte balance and central hemodynamics in hypertensive crises]. 390 May 23

An immunogenetic study of 71 patients with essential hypertension associated with no signs of heart or renal failure, and 276 normal Russian male residents of Moscow demonstrated a significantly increased frequency of antigens HLA-B13 (p less than 0.01) and HLA-B22 (p less than 0.05), as well as HLA-A11 (p less than 0.05), in the hypertensive sample. Aggravated heredity (familial hypertension) was established in 64% of hypertensive carriers of antigens HLA-B13 and HLA-B22.
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PMID:[Distribution of HLA antigens in patients with hypertension]. 406 58

In a series of 325 recipients of cadaveric renal transplants sudden occlusive arterial disease was found to be responsible for 12% of deaths. Acute myocardial infarction (9%) occurred 25 times more than expected in the normal population and cerebral thrombosis (3%) 300 times more. The greatest loss was in the initial three-month period after transplantation. Patients with renal failure due to essential hypertension were especially at risk, accounting for six of the 12 deaths.
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PMID:Deaths from occlusive arterial disease in renal allograft recipients. 460 8

The serum converting enzyme activity (SCEA) was measured in 86 healthy individuals (1.44 +/- 0.82 u, mean +/- SD), 39 patients with essential hypertension (1.53 +/- 0.71 u), 7 patients with hypertension due to renal artery stenosis (1.76 +/- 0.77 u), 14 patients with chronic renal failure (2.10 +/- 0.57 u), 7 patients with renal failure and hypertension (2.62 +/- 0.35 u), 22 normotensive pregnant women (1.02 +/- 0.26 u) and 6 hypertensive pregnant women (1.1 +/- 0.3). No difference was detected between men and women or between normotensives and hypertensives. However, a significant rise in SCEA was found in patients with chromic renal failure (P less than 0.005), in whom an enlarged pulmonary vascular bed and accelerated cellular breakdown are thought to be the causes of the elevated SCEA. During pregnancy, subnormal SCEA was found (P less than 0.005), and this is thought to be due to the enzyme consumption in the kinin system, which is activated during pregnancy. We assume that converting enzyme is not a limiting factor in angiotensin conversion, and most probably it does not contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of hypertension.
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PMID:Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity in normal adults and patients with different types of hypertension. 609 66

The effects of clonidine on renal hemodynamics and renal function make it a particularly useful antihypertensive agent. During treatment of hypertensive patients with clonidine, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate are well maintained, and renin secretion is reduced. Early in therapy, a slight tendency to retain salt and water may be seen as blood pressure is lowered. This effect on salt and water excretion is usually transient and may be avoided if a diuretic is used concomitantly. No deterioration of renal function was noted in patients with primary hypertension who were treated with clonidine for periods from 6 months to at least 5 years. The drug is effective in patients with renal hypertension with or without renal failure and well tolerated. Clonidine is also effective in hypertensive patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, but doses may have to be reduced because the drug is excreted chiefly by the kidney.
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PMID:Clonidine and the kidney. 615 36

Clonidine has clearly been shown to be effective in the treatment of all grades of hypertension. Clonidine by itself, when compared with placebo, has proved its worth in the treatment of essential hypertension; it has also been found to be more effective than diuretic treatment alone. When clonidine and a diuretic have been combined, the combination has proved superior to either clonidine or the diuretic given alone. The combination of clonidine with a diuretic is equal in efficacy to combinations of a diuretic with a beta-blocker, alpha-methyldopa, or prazosin. Combinations of a diuretic, a vasodilator, and clonidine were useful in patients with refractory hypertension that failed to respond to a two-drug regimen. Clonidine has also been shown to be effective in patients with renal failure or in hypertensive crisis.
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PMID:Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension. 615 38

Twenty patients with hypertension refractory to conventional therapy were treated with minoxidil in combination with a diuretic and a beta-blocker. The mean supine initial blood pressure was 207/128 mm Hg, and the end-treatment pressure was 155/89 mm Hg. Five of the 7 patients with essential hypertension were adequately controlled, as were 8 of the 9 patients with renal failure and all 4 patients with renovascular hypertension. Thus, the overall controll rate was 85%. The duration of treatment ranged from 1 to 30 months, and the minoxidil dosage ranged from 5 to 60 mg/dry electrocardiographic changes characterized by T-wave inversion after starting minoxidil. These changes were reversible in 4 patients. Minoxidil was found to be an effective antihypertensive drug in these patients with refractory hypertension.
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PMID:Treatment of refractory hypertension with minoxidil. 615 45


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