Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Cefuroxime (CXM) was studied for absorption and excretion in 4 pediatric patients given one shot intravenous injection of 20 approximately 25 mg/kg. The following serum levels were determined: 24.5 approximately 38.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes (mean 33.3 +/- 6.1 micrograms/ml), 10.0 approximately 17.0 micrograms/ml at 1 hours (mean 13.9 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml), 3.4 approximately 7.6 micrograms/ml at 2 hours (mean 5.2 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml, 0.7 approximately 2.1 micrograms/ml at 4 hours (mean 1.3 +/- 0.6 micrograms/ml, 0.1 approximately 0.3 microgram/ml at 6 hours (mean 0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram microgram/ml). Half-life (T 1/2) was 0.65 approximately 0.88 hour (mean 0.75 +/- 0.10 hour). Urinary levels were 1,280 approximately 7,100 micrograms/ml at 0 approximately 2 hours, 96 approximately 3,400 micrograms/ml at 2 approximately 4 hours, 68 approximately 250 micrograms/ml at 4 approximately 6 hours. Urinary recovery rate at 0 approximately 6 hours was 54.1 approximately 74.4% (mean 61.8 +/- 9.4%). 2. From the study on spinal fluid concentration in pediatric patients with Haemophilus influenzae-induced meningitis, the dose of CXM 52.2 mg/kg was given to 1 pediatric case with this disease by one shot intravenous injection. Spinal fluid levels were presumed as 9.0 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 6.8 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 3.8 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 1.2 micrograms/ml at 4 hours. 3. CXM was studied in 19 pediatric patients with bacterial infection for clinical efficacy, bacteriological effect and side effect. Clinical result was found good in 1 with purulent meningitis; excellent in 9 out of 15 with acute lobar pneumonia or acute bronchopneumonia, and good in remaining 6 cases; good in 2 with acute bronchitis; excellent in 1 with acute pyelonephritis. This represents efficacy ("excellent" plus "good") rate of 100%. Of 5 strains of H. influenzae presumed as causative organisms, 4 were disappeared and 1 was reduced. Two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1 strain of Escherichia coli were disappeared. No side effect was noted in terms of clinical symptom. Laboratory examination showed elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case, but these elevated values returned to normal after the end of the CXM treatment.
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PMID:[Study of cefuroxime in pediatric field (author's transl)]. 51 99

On the basis of intensified surveillance in Finland we report the epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease based on 333 consecutive culture-proved cases recorded during 1985 and 1986. The annual incidence rate among children younger than 5 years of age was 52/100,000; 46% of patients had meningitis, 29% had epiglottitis and 25% had other forms of invasive disease. The median age of patients was 27 months, with 45% younger than 2 years of age. Meningitis and epiglottitis were found more often among boys than among girls, whereas the opposite was found among patients with other types of invasive disease (P = 0.015). Among the latter 68% of children with pneumonia or septicemia were 2 years or older compared with 32% of patients with arthritis, cellulitis or pyelonephritis (P = 0.009). These background data are essential for correct interpretation and application of results from trials with H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccines that are currently ongoing in Finland.
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PMID:Epidemiology of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among children in Finland before vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. 265 19

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) were carried out in the field of pediatrics. 1. Absorption and excretion Serum levels and urinary excretion of SBT/ABPC were studied in 4 children with ages 6 to 8 years. The mean serum concentration of SBT at 15 minutes following a single intravenous injection of 30 mg/kg of SBT/ABPC was 27.4 +/- 2.2 micrograms/ml and that of ABPC was 42.8 +/- 3.9 micrograms/ml, and their concentrations declined with mean half-lives of 1.06 +/- 0.15 hours and 0.84 +/- 0.05 hour, respectively, and at 6 hours were 0.3 +/- 0.2 microgram/ml and 0.2 +/- 0.1 microgram/ml on the average, respectively. The urinary recovery rates of SBT and ABPC at 6 hours after the injection were 59.0 +/- 22.4% and 58.4 +/- 25.3% on the average, respectively. 2. Clinical study SBT/ABPC was used for the treatment of a total of 36 pediatric patients with ages ranging 2 months to 11 years and it's clinical effectiveness, bacteriological efficacy and adverse effects were evaluated. Clinical efficacies in 5 patients with acute purulent tonsillitis, 26 with acute pneumonia and 1 with acute pyelonephritis were judged to be excellent in 27 cases and good in 5 cases with an overall efficacy ratio of 100.0%. Clinical efficacies in 6 patients whose infections were caused by beta-lactamase producing strains were judged to be excellent in all cases. Bacteriological efficacies of SBT/ABPC were assessed on 1 strain of Staphylococcus aureus (beta-lactamase producing strain), 2 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 16 strains of Haemophilus influenzae (5 beta-lactamase producing strains and 11 non-beta-lactamase producing strains), 1 non-beta-lactamase strain of Haemophilus parainfluenzae and 2 strains of Escherichia coli (non-beta-lactamase producing strains). All strains except 1 strain of H. influenzae (beta-lactamase producing strain) which decreased in number were eradicated with a bacteriological eradication rate of 95.5%. Only 1 patient complained of diarrhea which was suspected to be related to the drug. No other side effect was reported. Elevations of GOT and GPT were observed in only 1 patient. The above results suggested that SBT/ABPC was a useful drug with preferable safety profile in the treatment for pediatric patients with infectious disease caused by beta-lactamase producing strains as well as those by non-beta-lactamase producing strains.
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PMID:[Studies on sulbactam/ampicillin in the field of pediatrics]. 266 50

The pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) were evaluated in 21 children with a variety of infections. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Pharmacokinetics in 4 children, each receiving a single dose of 60 mg/kg, were evaluated. The average half-life of SBT was 1.03 hours and that of ABPC was 0.83 hour. 2. In vitro antimicrobiol activity (MIC) of SBT/ABPC in which SBT and ABPC are combined at a ratio of 1:2 was stronger than ABPC alone and was quite effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae, but activity against Escherichia coli was relatively low. Antimicrobial activity of SBT/ABPC against S. aureus was almost equal to those of piperacillin (PIPC), cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazole (CMZ), but against H. influenzae was stronger than those of CEZ and CMZ. Activity against E. coli was lower than those of PIPC, CEZ and CMZ. 3. A total of 21 patients including 3 with pharyngitis, 10 with bronchitis, 5 with pneumonia, 1 each with acute enteritis, pyelonephritis and suspected sepsis were treated with SBT/ABPC. The clinical efficacy rate for these patients was 95.2% (20/21). The bacteriological eradication rate was 80% (8/10). 4. There were 4 instances of side effects, 1 case each of eruption, diarrhea, thrombocytosis and eosinophilia, but all symptoms were transient.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in pediatrics]. 274 54

Ceftriaxone has a very long serum half-life and enhanced in vitro activity against common pediatric pathogens. Therefore we evaluated the efficacy and safety of once daily ceftriaxone therapy in 57 children with serious infections including: meningitis (26 patients); ventriculitis (3); pyelonephritis (7); osteomyelitis (6); abscess (4); septic arthritis (3); sepsis (2); and miscellaneous infections (6). The most common isolates were Haemophilus influenzae (23), Escherichia coli (9) and Staphylococcus aureus (8). Ceftriaxone was given intravenously or intramuscularly in a dose of 50 mg/kg for non-central nervous system (CNS) infections. Patients with CNS infections received an initial dose of 100 mg/kg followed by 80 mg/kg 12 hours later and once daily thereafter. In a limited number of patients no major differences in serum ceftriaxone concentrations were found after intravenous or intramuscular injection. Of 57 patients with pathogens isolated 55 were completely cured; in one patient with Klebsiella pneumoniae ventriculitis, intraventricular gentamicin was briefly added to the regimen. Another patient with an anaerobic liver abscess recovered after metronidazole was administered. In three patients a delayed response to ceftriaxone was noted. One patient with previous recurrent infections had a second episode of H. influenzae meningitis 22 days after cessation of therapy. Clinical side effects were noted in 10 of 71 patients (including 14 treated patients who had negative cultures). Seven patients had diarrhea, one each had fever or rash and one had fever, rash and arthralgia. Laboratory side effects in 16 of 71 patients included eosinophilia (7), thrombocytosis (7), elevated liver enzymes (4) and leukopenia and neutropenia (2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Once daily ceftriaxone for central nervous system infections and other serious pediatric infections. 372 39

Bacteriological and clinical evaluations of BRL 25000 (1 part clavulanic acid plus 2 parts amoxicillin) granules in the pediatric field have been performed. The MICs of BRL 25000 against 25 clinically isolated strains of S. aureus, 40 E. coli, and 14 K. pneumoniae were compared with those of AMPC. Against beta-lactamase non-producing strains of S. aureus and E. coli, the MICs of both drugs were nearly equal, however, against beta-lactamase producing strains of these species and K. pneumoniae, BRL 25000 was superior to AMPC. The blood levels of AMPC and CVA after single oral administration of approximately 15 mg/kg of BRL 25000 granules to fasted children were studied in 3 subjects. The mean levels of AMPC and CVA peaked about 1 hour after administration at values of 11.40 and 5.49 micrograms/ml, respectively, with half-lives of 0.91 and 1.02 hours, and AUCs of 23.52 and 12.66 hr X micrograms/ml, respectively. The 6-hour urinary recovery of AMPC ranged from 30.59% to 52.03% and for CVA from 16.31% to 45.18%. There was no significant difference between the blood level of AMPC following single oral administration of approximately 10 mg/kg AMPC granules and that of AMPC following single oral administration of approximately 15 mg/kg BRL 25000 granules to the same children. Clinical evaluation of BRL 25000 granules administered orally 3-4 times a day at total daily doses of between 42.9-52.9 mg/kg resulted in improvement, judged excellent or good, in all 7 cases of tonsillitis and 2 cases of pyelonephritis. In particular, the clinical effect was excellent in the case of tonsillitis where a beta-lactamase producing H. influenzae was isolated. In the total 11 cases treated, including 2 cases of mycoplasmal pneumonia excluded from the clinical evaluation, 1 case of rash and eosinophilia was observed. No other adverse reactions or abnormal laboratory findings were observed. The taste and flavor of the drug were well accepted by the children. It was concluded that BRL 25000 granules are promising new drug which should be markedly useful in the treatment of infections in pediatric outpatients.
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PMID:[Bacteriological and clinical evaluation of BRL 25000 (clavulanic acid-amoxicillin) granules in the pediatric field]. 384 23

Fundamental and clinical trials were carried out with cefminox (CMNX, MT-141) in pediatric infections. Results were as follows. The mean serum concentrations of CMNX following intravenous injection of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg were 73.1, 112.5 and 181.4 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes after injection, respectively. The serum half-life times were 1.37, 1.20 and 1.53 hours, respectively. Average recovery rates in the urine until 6 hours from the start of injection were 91.4, 59.4 and 85.8%, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of CMNX against clinically isolated organisms was measured; CMNX was more active than CMZ and CEZ against H. influenzae. CMNX was equal to or more active than CMZ and CEZ against E. coli. CMNX was administered clinically to 32 pediatric patients with various infections; 19-pneumonia, 5-bronchopneumonia, 3-bronchitis and 5-pyelonephritis. Overall efficacy rate was 93.8%. Slight elevation of S-GOT and S-GPT was observed in 2 patients. No other serious side effect was observed.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefminox in pediatric field]. 389 3

A new antibiotic of cephamycin group, cefminox (CMNX, MT-141) was studied both fundamentally and clinically in the field of pediatrics. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of CMNX for clinical isolates including 24 strains of S. aureus, 15 strains of S. pyogenes, 21 strains of H. influenzae, 24 strains of E. coli, 22 strains of K. pneumoniae and 22 strains of P. mirabilis were determined and compared to those of cefmetazole (CMZ), latamoxef (LMOX), cefotaxime (CTX), cefoperazone (CPZ) and cefazolin (CEZ). The MIC80 (80% MIC) values of CMNX for H. influenzae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis were 1.56, 1.56, 0.39 and 1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively. When compared to antibacterial activities of the control drugs, the activity of CMNX was inferior to those of CTX and LMOX but superior to those of CMZ and CEZ. On the other hand, MIC80 values of CMNX for S. pyogenes and S. aureus were 6.25 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, the activities being inferior to all of CMZ, CTX, LMOX, CPZ and CEZ used as the control drugs. In 3 pediatric patients of 9 to 12 years old, 20 mg/kg of CMNX was given intravenously as one shot and serum and urinary concentrations were determined. The mean serum concentrations in these 3 cases were 124 micrograms/ml, 102 micrograms/ml, 74.0 micrograms/ml, 47.9 micrograms/ml, 20.4 micrograms/ml, 9.2 micrograms/ml and 4.3 micrograms/ml at 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours, respectively, with a half-life of 1.83 hours. The mean urinary concentrations were 1,968 micrograms/ml at 0 approximately 2 hours, 1,205 micrograms/ml at 2 approximately 4 hours, 761 micrograms/ml at 4 approximately 6 hours and 409 micrograms/ml at 6 approximately 8 hours, with 65.4% of the drug dosed recovered from the urine within the first 8 hours on an average. CMNX was used in the treatment of 22 clinical cases including 3 cases of acute purulent tonsillitis, 3 cases of acute bronchitis, 9 cases of acute pneumonia, 5 cases of acute pyelonephritis and 2 cases of acute enteritis. Clinical results in 20 cases excluded of 2 cases of Mycoplasma pneumonia were rated as excellent in 19 cases and as good in 1 case, with an efficacy rate being 100% taking excellent and good cases as effective cases. Bacteriological results for 5 strains of H. influenzae, 1 strain of H. parainfluenzae, 5 strains of E. coli, 2 strains of K. oxytoca and 1 strain of S. pneumoniae revealed that disappearance was obtained for all strains but 1 strain of P. aeruginosa which persisted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on cefminox in the field of pediatrics]. 389 4

Twenty-six children received a single daily intravenous dose of ceftriaxone, 50 mg/kg, for a variety of bacterial infections including abscess (5), cellulitis (5), periorbital cellulitis (5), bacteremia without focus (4), osteomyelitis (2), pneumonia (2), pyelonephritis (2) and otitis media (1). Organisms isolated from infectious foci were Staphylococcus aureus (9), Streptococcus pneumoniae (6), Streptococcus pyogenes (3), Escherichia coli (2); and Haemophilus influenzae type b, nontypable H. influenzae, Group B streptococcus, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and satelliting streptococcus (1 each). Microbiologic cure was achieved in 20 of 22 (91%) infections and clinical cure in 25 of 26 (96%). Fifteen possible adverse reactions occurred in 34 patients evaluable for drug safety; most were mild and self-limited. Neutropenia developed in two patients necessitating discontinuation of ceftriaxone in one, followed by prompt resolution. Seventeen children received ceftriaxone, 75 mg/kg/day, in two divided doses for a similar variety of infections. Bacteriologic and clinical cure rates of 100 and 94%, respectively, were demonstrated. Leukopenia developed in one patient and resolved when ceftriaxone was discontinued. Once a day dosing of ceftriaxone in pediatric patients provides greater ease of administration combined with efficacy equal to that achieved with a divided dosage schedule.
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PMID:Ceftriaxone administered once or twice a day for treatment of bacterial infections of childhood. 396 62

Fundamental and clinical studies on aztreonam (AZT), a new monobactam antibiotic, were performed in the pediatric field. The MICs of AZT were assessed against the clinically isolated strains in the pediatric infections. AZT showed an excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., against E. coli (20 strains), K. pneumoniae (9), P. mirabilis (16), P. vulgaris (5), P. aeruginosa (10), S. typhimurium (4) and H. influenzae (11); the MICs of AZT against the above strains were less than 0.39 microgram/ml, 0.10 microgram/ml, 0.024 microgram/ml, 0.024 microgram/ml, 6.25 micrograms/ml, 0.10 microgram/ml and 0.10 microgram/ml, respectively. However, antibacterial activity of AZT against Gram-positive bacteria was inferior to that against Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., against the strains of S. aureus (16) and S. pyogenes (4), those MICs were more than 400 micrograms/ml and 3.13 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum concentrations and urinary excretion of AZT were measured in 2 children aged 7 and 11 years after a single intravenous injection at the dose of 20 mg/kg. The mean serum concentration of AZT followed by the injection 62.5 micrograms/ml at 1/4 hour, 28.5 micrograms/ml at 1/2 hour, 16.5 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 12.0 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 3.6 micrograms/ml at 4 hours and 1.1 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, respectively. The mean half-life (beta-phase) was 1.24 hours. The mean urinary concentrations after the injection were 5,000 micrograms/ml in 0-2 hours, 1,650 micrograms/ml in 2-4 hours and 611 micrograms/ml in 4-6 hours and the mean urinary recovery rate up to 6 hours was 61.2%. These results in our studies were considered to be comparable with those reported in adults. In our clinical studies, AZT was administered to a total of 14 cases, i.e., acute pneumonia (4 cases), acute pyelonephritis (4), acute enteritis (5) and acute sppurative cholangitis (1). Clinical effect of AZT was excellent or good in 13 cases except fair in 1 case with acute enteritis and the efficacy rate (excellent and good) was 92.9%. With regard to bacteriological effect, all the strains of H. influenzae (3), E. coli (2), P. mirabilis (1) and P. vulgaris (1) were eradicated, but, S. typhimurium (4) was not eradicated. Neither side effect nor abnormal laboratory findings were observed during the study.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on aztreonam in the pediatric field]. 409 59


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