Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There has been a growing rate of resistance among common urinary tract pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, to traditional antimicrobial therapies including the "gold standard" trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Consequently, fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents have taken on an expanding management role for UTIs. In fact, the recent Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical management guidelines for UTI recommend fluoroquinolones as first-line therapy for uncomplicated UTI in areas where resistance is likely to be of concern. Fluoroquinolones have demonstrated high bacteriologic and clinical cure rates, as well as low rates of resistance, among most common uropathogens. There are currently 7 fluoroquinolones with indications for UTI in the United States. However, only 3 are commonly used: levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and, to a lesser extent, gatifloxacin. Many of the fluoroquinolone agents have once-daily dosing regimens, enhancing patient adherence. In addition, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin have same-dose bioequivalency between their intravenous and oral formulations, allowing for "switch" or step-down therapy from parenteral to oral formulations of the same agent at the same dose. Fluoroquinolones are indicated for the management of acute uncomplicated UTIs, as well as complicated and severe UTI and pyelonephritis, in adults. They are the first-line treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in patients who cannot tolerate sulfonamides or TMP, who live in geographic areas with known resistance >10% to 20% to TMP-SMX, or who have risk factors for such resistance. Fluoroquinolone properties include a broad spectrum of coverage, low rates of resistance, and good safety profiles.
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PMID:The expanding role of fluoroquinolones. 1211 71

Management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) has traditionally been based on 2 important principles: the spectrum of organisms causing acute UTI is highly predictable (Escherichia coli accounts for 75% to 90% and Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounts for 5% to 15% of isolates), and the susceptibility patterns of these organisms have also been relatively predictable. As a result, empiric therapy with short-course trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has been a standard management approach for uncomplicated cystitis.However, antibiotic resistance is now becoming a major factor not only in nosocomial complicated UTIs, but also in uncomplicated community-acquired UTIs. Resistance to TMP-SMX now approaches 18% to 22% in some regions of the United States, and nearly 1 in 3 bacterial strains causing cystitis or pyelonephritis demonstrate resistance to amoxicillin. Fortunately, resistance to other agents, such as nitrofurantoin and the fluoroquinolones, has remained low, at approximately 2%. Preliminary data suggest that the increase in TMP-SMX resistance is associated with poorer bacteriologic and clinical outcomes when TMP-SMX is used for therapy. As a result, these trends have necessitated a change in the management approach to community-acquired UTI. The use of TMP-SMX as a first-line agent for empiric therapy of uncomplicated cystitis is only appropriate in areas where TMP-SMX resistance prevalence is <10% to 20%. In areas where resistance to TMP-SMX exceeds this rate, alternative agents need to be considered.
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PMID:Addressing antibiotic resistance. 1260 40

There has been a growing rate of resistance among common urinary tract pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, to traditional antimicrobial therapies including the "gold standard" trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Consequently, fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents have taken on an expanding management role for UTIs. In fact, the recent Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical management guidelines for UTI recommend fluoroquinolones as first-line therapy for uncomplicated UTI in areas where resistance is likely to be of concern. Fluoroquinolones have demonstrated high bacteriologic and clinical cure rates, as well as low rates of resistance, among most common uropathogens. There are currently 7 fluoroquinolones with indications for UTI in the United States. However, only 3 are commonly used: levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and, to a lesser extent, gatifloxacin. Many of the fluoroquinolone agents have once-daily dosing regimens, enhancing patient adherence. In addition, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin have same-dose bioequivalency between their intravenous and oral formulations, allowing for "switch" or step-down therapy from parenteral to oral formulations of the same agent at the same dose. Fluoroquinolones are indicated for the management of acute uncomplicated UTIs, as well as complicated and severe UTI and pyelonephritis, in adults. They are the first-line treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in patients who cannot tolerate sulfonamides or TMP, who live in geographic areas with known resistance >10% to 20% to TMP-SMX, or who have risk factors for such resistance. Fluoroquinolone properties include a broad spectrum of coverage, low rates of resistance, and good safety profiles.
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PMID:The expanding role of fluoroquinolones. 1260 42

Acute uncomplicated UTI is one of the most common problems for which young women seek medical attention and accounts for considerable morbidity and health care costs. Acute cystitis or pyelonephritis in the adult patient should be considered uncomplicated if the patient is not pregnant or elderly, if there has been no recent instrumentation or antimicrobial treatment, and if there are no known functional or anatomic abnormalities of the genitourinary tract. Most of these infections are caused by E. coli, which are susceptible to many oral antimicrobials, although resistance is increasing to some of the commonly used agents, especially TMP-SMX. In women with risk factors for infection with resistant bacteria, or in the setting of a high prevalence of TMP-SMX-resistant uropathogens, a case can be made for using a fluoroquinolone or nitrofurantoin. Use of nitrofurantoin for the empiric treatment of mild cystitis is supportable from a public health perspective in an attempt to decrease uropathogen resistance because it does not share cross-resistance with more commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Beta-lactams and fosfomycin should be considered second-line agents for empiric treatment of cystitis. Acute pyelonephritis in an otherwise healthy woman may be considered an uncomplicated infection. Fluoroquinolone regimens are superior to TMP-SMX for empiric therapy because of the relatively high prevalence of TMP-SMX resistance among uropathogens causing pyelonephritis. TMP-SMX, effective for patients with mild to moderate disease, is an appropriate drug if the uropathogen is known to be susceptible. It is reasonable to use a 7- to 10-day oral fluoroquinolone regimen for outpatient management of mild to moderate pyelonephritis in the setting of a susceptible causative pathogen and rapid clinical response to therapy. Most women with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis are now managed safely and effectively as outpatients. Acute uncomplicated cystitis or pyelonephritis in healthy adult men is very uncommon but is generally caused by the same spectrum of uropathogens with the same antimicrobial susceptibility profile as that seen in women. The choice of antimicrobials is similar to that recommended for cystitis in women except that nitrofurantoin is not considered a good choice. Treatment duration should generally be longer than that recommended for women.
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PMID:The current management strategies for community-acquired urinary tract infection. 1284 72

Acute uncomplicated cystitis is one of the most common problems for which young women seek medical attention. Most of these infections are caused by Escherichia coli which are susceptible to many oral antimicrobials, although resistance is increasing to some of the commonly used agents, especially trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). In women with risk factors for infection with resistant bacteria, or in the setting of a high prevalence of TMP/SMX resistance, a fluoroquinolone or nitrofurantoin should be considered for empirical treatment. Use of nitrofurantoin does not share cross-resistance with more commonly prescribed antimicrobials and its more widespread use is justified from a public health perspective as a fluoroquinolone-sparing agent. beta-lactams and fosfomycin should be considered second-line agents for empirical treatment of cystitis. For acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis, fluoroquinolones are superior to TMP/SMX for empirical therapy due to the relatively high prevalence of TMP/SMX resistance among uropathogens causing pyelonephritis. TMP/SMX, effective for patients with mild to moderate disease, is an appropriate drug if the uropathogen is known to be susceptible. It is reasonable to use a 7-10 day oral fluoroquinolone regimen for outpatient management of mild to moderate pyelonephritis in the setting of a susceptible causative pathogen and rapid clinical response to therapy. Most women with acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis are now managed safely and effectively as outpatients.
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PMID:Fluoroquinolones and resistance in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. 1452 74

From October 1999 through January 2000, an Escherichia coli clonal group (designated "CgA") was isolated from the urine of nearly one-half of all women with urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)-resistant E. coli in a California community. This study describes the prevalence of pyelonephritis caused by CgA in the same community. E. coli isolates were characterized by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serogrouping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fourteen (11%) of 130 women with UTIs received a diagnosis of pyelonephritis. CgA was associated with 4 (57%) of the 7 pyelonephritis cases caused by TMP-SMZ-resistant E. coli and was associated with none of the cases caused by TMP-SMZ-susceptible E. coli (P<.02). Six (86%) of these TMP-SMZ-resistant E. coli isolates belonged to 2 distinct ERIC2 PCR-defined clonal groups, whereas all of the TMP-SMZ-susceptible E. coli strains had unique fingerprints (P<.001). The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pyelonephritis in a community may be affected by a limited number of E. coli clonal groups.
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PMID:Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli clonal groups causing community-acquired pyelonephritis. 1472 1

Symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs) constitute a major health problem throughout the Western world. In the USA, UTIs are responsible for 7-8 million outpatient visits each year and for over one-third of all hospital-acquired infections. Empiric antimicrobial therapy for UTIs, which are primarily caused by Escherichia coli, is increasingly being complicated by the emergence of resistance to the most widely used agents. Recent studies indicate that the prevalence of E. coli resistance to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), the current first-line therapy for UTIs, exceeds 20% in many North American regions. Importantly, antibiotic resistance often translates into clinical failure. The use of antibiotics with favourable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles and convenient dosing schedules, which effectively increase bacterial eradication and patient compliance, can help to curb the current epidemic of resistance and reduce the rate of clinical failure associated with resistance. Fluoroquinolones have well-established efficacy in the treatment of multiple bacterial infections and, over the years, the rates of resistance to these antibiotics have remained very low. Fluoroquinolones are currently recommended for therapy of uncomplicated UTIs when the local incidence of TMP/SMX resistance is >or=10-20%, as well as for the treatment of complicated UTIs and acute pyelonephritis. Ciprofloxacin, one of the most widely used fluoroquinolones, has a potent bactericidal effect across the full spectrum of uropathogens, as well as a long and excellent efficacy and safety record in the management of UTI and other infections. A recently developed extended (modified)-release formulation of ciprofloxacin (Cipro XR or Cipro XL) provides higher maximum plasma concentrations with lower inter-patient variability than the conventional, immediate-release, twice-daily formulation. Additionally, therapeutic drug levels with extended-release ciprofloxacin are achieved rapidly and maintained over the course of 24 h, allowing once-daily dosing. Clinical trials in patients with cystitis and those with complicated UTIs or acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis indicate that extended-release ciprofloxacin is at least as effective as the immediate-release formulation. These studies have also confirmed good tolerability and safety of extended-release ciprofloxacin, similar to the immediate-release formulation. Therefore, extended-release ciprofloxacin is a convenient, well-tolerated and effective therapy for UTIs that may improve patients' compliance with treatment and thus decrease the risk of treatment failure and the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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PMID:Extended-release ciprofloxacin (Cipro XR) for treatment of urinary tract infections. 1503 29

We report a female patient who repeatedly developed pancreatitis after trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) use. During childhood she had undergone an ureterosigmoidostomy after which she had been on TMP/SMX 480 mg daily as prophylaxis for pyelonephritis for many years. The patient presented with abdominal pain caused by acute pancreatitis. No other cause, except for TMP/SMX use, could be identified. A causal relationship was confirmed by relapse of the pancreatitis after rechallenge. Our case is unique in demonstrating that acute pancreatitis related to the use of TMP/SMX may occur even after long-term treatment. We advise that the medication is discontinued immediately if a causal relationship with pancreatitis is suspected.
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PMID:Recurrent pancreatitis after trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole rechallenge. 1609 80

With the emergence of increasing resistance to common antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), including ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX), the choice of antibiotics for these infections has become more challenging. In this article, the authors review the evidence-based guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of cystitis and pyelonephritis in the emergency department. They review the pathophysiology and describe the initial diagnostic workup, spending some time discussing the urine dipstick. The authors discuss whether hospital antibiograms are useful in making the initial antibiotic choice. The treatment section reviews the current recommendations and also highlights the use of nitrofurantoin in the treatment of uncomplicated UTIs. The authors also discuss the appropriate use of ciprofloxacin and TMP-SMX in the treatment of UTIs.
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PMID:Urinary tract infections: diagnosis and management in the emergency department. 1840 81

The main objectives in childhood urinary tract infections are rapid recovery from complaints, prevention of urosepsis and infection-related complications as well as the prevention of renal parenchymal damage. Calculated antibiotic therapy should take the local resistance rates of uropathogens into consideration. The current situation of bacterial resistances differs from region to region. In Escherichia coli, resistance rates against cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, nitrofurantoin und chinolones have been relatively low. In contrast, resistance rates against ampicillin have increased over the last 20 years. A similar trend has been observed for TMP/SMX. The choice of appropriate antibiotics, the duration of therapy and the form of application depend on age, severity of clinical symptoms and the presence of complicating factors. In early infancy, a combination of aminoglycoside/ampicillin or ceftazidime/ampicillin is commonly recommended as first-line treatment in pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis in young infants should always be treated in a paediatric clinic. In later infancy and childhood, an oral third-generation cephalosporin can be used.
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PMID:Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections in children. 2203 50


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