Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In animals developing unilateral Proteus mirabilis-induced pyelonephritis, the total soluble renal lysozyme (SRL) of both kidneys undergoes a biphasic elevation. The second phase of elevated SRL is associated with the onset of chronicity in the infected kidney. To discover whether effective antibacterial therapy altered the second elevation of SRL, levels of SRL were determined in rats developing unilateral chronic pyelonephritis with and without effective regimens of antibacterial agents. Therapeutic doses of ampicillin and nitrofurantoin caused elevations of SRL in both kidneys of infected animals, but these differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Both agents produce elevations of SRL in uninfected animals which were significant (P < 0.05) when compared with normal animals. Kanamycin sulfate at a therapeutic dose induced great elevations of SRL in kidneys of both infected and uninfected animals. It is concluded that infection per se is not the cause of the elevated SRL.
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PMID:Effect of antibacterial therapy on renal lysozyme levels in rats developing bacterial pyelonephritis. 461 54

The effect of early bilateral pyelonephritis on urinary concentrating ability was studied in rats injected intravenously with enterococci or Staphylococcus aureus and in rats inoculated with Escherichia coli into the medullae of both kidneys. The mean maximum urinary osmolality of normal rats was 2352 mOsm/kg of water. Inoculation of E. coli caused reversible pyelonephritis with sterilization of the kidneys within 12 wk. By 1 day after injection the mean maximum urinary osmolality had decreased to about 1100 mOsm. remained at this level for 3 wk, and then rose to normal by 12 wk. After injection of enterococci and staphylococci, the mean maximum urine osmolality decreased over 3-4 days to about 1000 and 800 mOsm respectively. In the enterococcal infection (which is chronic) the maximum urine osmolality remained about 1200 mOsm for at least 12 wk whereas in the staphylococcal infection (which is reversible) the osmolality gradually rose. Antimicrobial therapy of E. coli renal infection with colistimethate sodium and S. aureus infection with ampicillin rapidly reduced bacterial titers in the kidneys with an associated rise in maximum urinary osmolality. Therapy of enterococcal renal infection with ampicillin produced less impressive decreases in bacterial titers in the kidneys and little or no improvement in urinary concentrating ability. With antimicrobial therapy or with the self-limited infections, the rate of increase in concentrating ability was directly correlated with the rate of decrease of bacterial titers. However, there was poor correlation between histological findings in the kidneys and urinary concentrating ability. These studies demonstrate that early experimental pyelonephritis is associated with a concentrating defect that can be rapidly reversed and therefore is not related to permanent renal damage.
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PMID:Urinary concentrating ability in early experimental pyelonephritis. 491 80

We have tested the effectiveness of several antibiotic regimens, using a rat model of Escherichia coli experimental pyelonephritis that mimics the conditions of severe renal infections in man because the infection is acquired by the ascending route. We found that ceftriaxone, when given for 5 days to rats with severe exudative pyelonephritis, was as effective as the combination ceftriaxone + gentamicin or the reference combination ampicillin + gentamicin. This effectiveness in vivo of the antibiotic alone was achieved despite a marked synergism between the combinations of antibiotics in vitro. This observation suggests that a new and extremely active cephalosporin is as effective in vivo when used alone as when given in combination with an aminoglucoside and provides rationale for testing the use of single antibiotic therapy for clinical situations for which combinations of antibiotics are currently recommended.
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PMID:Treatment of experimental ascending Escherichia coli pyelonephritis with ceftriaxone alone and in combination with gentamicin. 629 70

Amdinocillin in combination with another beta-lactam antibiotic (ampicillin, cephalothin, cefamandole or cefoxitin) was used to treat 25 patients with pyelonephritis (with or without bacteremia), pneumonia, bacteremia secondary to intravenous devices, and urinary tract infections (with catheter in place) due to gram-negative organisms. The combination resulted in a clinical response in 96 percent of the patients and a bacteriologic response in 100 percent at 72 hours. Few toxic effects were seen. At long-term follow-up, relapse occurred in three of 10 patients with pyelonephritis who were treated with a combination regimen and completed their course of antimicrobial therapy with a beta-lactam antibiotic. Reinfection occurred in one patient who had a urinary tract infection with a catheter in place. In vitro testing showed that the cefamandole-amdinocillin combination most frequently produced synergy against the strains of Escherichia coli isolated. Synergy with the antibiotic combinations was also seen against strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. It was difficult to correlate the in vitro test results with the in vivo therapeutic effect of these antibiotic combinations.
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PMID:Amdinocillin in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics for treatment of serious gram-negative infections. 631 Oct 14

A retrospective study of 410 renal transplant recipients showed that 1.96% (8/410) of patients had developed severe non-typhoid salmonella infections. The clinical features seen were fever, leucopenia, pneumonia, diarrhoea, abscesses, pyelonephritis, venous thrombosis and pleural effusion. Neither uraemia nor repeated high doses of steroids seemed to be major precipitating events. All isolates were strains of Salmonella enteritidis. All 8 patients were cured and none became permanent carriers. Salmonella infections cause severe, life-threatening infections in renal transplant patients and require vigorous treatment often with a long-term low-dose regimen. Patients seemed to respond best to chloramphenicol, but ampicillin and co-trimoxazole were useful in some. Bilateral nephrectomy should be performed before the transplantation if the organism is grown from the urine.
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PMID:Non-typhoid salmonella infections after renal transplantation. A serious clinical problem. 637 4

An unblinded, randomized, prospective clinical trial of cefaclor, 250 mg twice daily, versus ampicillin, 500 mg four times daily, for a total of ten days of therapy, was conducted with 100 patients presenting to an emergency department with signs, symptoms, and urinalysis results suggestive of urinary tract infection (UTI). Eighty patients had a UTI proven by pre-therapy urine culture. Significantly more of the bacteria isolated were sensitive to cefaclor (96.3%) than to ampicillin (78.0%), P less than 0.01. Seventy-one patients returned for all follow-up visits and urine cultures. The overall success rate in the cefaclor group was 75.7% and in the ampicillin group 79.4%. There was a 10% failure rate in treating clinical cystitis with both regimens, and the satisfactory outcome rate for pyelonephritis and cystitis was similar in both treatment groups.
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PMID:Cefaclor versus ampicillin for outpatient treatment of urinary tract infections. 639 4

To determine the optimal schemes of rational antibacterial therapy of pyelonephritis gravidarum with ampicillin and cephuroxim, assays of the patient urine and studies on the pharmacokinetics of the drugs were performed. The bacteriurea levels were estimated in 264 women with Gould's method in modification of Ryabinsky and Rodoman. The causative agents of the disease were isolated from the urine of 92 pregnant women. Sensitivity of the isolates to 9 antibiotics was tested with the use of standard paper disks and the method of serial dilutions in solid media. The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and cephuroxim in the blood and urine of 97 patients was studied for 6-8 hours after parenteral administration of the antibiotics in doses of 500 mg. Comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the antibiotics in the blood and urine of the patients, the antibiotic MICs for the disease causative agents and the clinical course of the disease suggests that pyelonephritis gravidarum should be treated with ampicillin and cephuroxim on doses of 500 mg injected intramuscularly 4 and 3 times a day respectively for 7-8 days in combination with antiinflammatory therapy.
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PMID:[Antibacterial therapy of pyelonephritis in pregnant women]. 647 10

The activities of ampicillin, rifampin, streptomycin, and their combinations were evaluated in vitro against Streptococcus faecalis strain GK and in vivo in rats with an established pyelonephritis resulting from challenge with this same enterococcus. In vitro synergy was demonstrated between all combinations. Comparison of the log colony-forming units of S. faecalis recovered per gram of kidney tissue showed that all treated groups had significant lower numbers than controls (P less than 0.001). Ampicillin plus streptomycin or ampicillin alone was superior to rifampin alone or rifampin plus streptomycin at each interval (P less than 0.001). There was no significant difference between ampicillin and rifampin plus ampicillin. The disparity between in vitro and in vivo results again raises some doubts as to the relevance of in vitro observations to clinical outcome.
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PMID:Rifampin, ampicillin, streptomycin, and their combinations in the treatment of enterococcal pyelonephritis in rats. 680 18

The influence of serum factors on the antibiogram was investigated in 21 patients. The plate culture and the culture in tubes were used in combination. A different interaction of the 4 examined antimicrobiotics (gentamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin) with the serum factors was shown which were modified by the duration of the infection (pyelonephritis).
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PMID:[Effect of serum factors on antibiograms]. 713

The analysis of antibioticograms of patients with a history of chronic pyelonephritis and acute renal insufficiency is presented. It was found that the synergistic effect observed with the use of gentamicin in combination with carbenicillin or ampicillin with cephaloridin provides a decrease in the therapeutic doses of the drugs with a purpose of elimination of their side action.
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PMID:[Microbial flora sensitivity to antibacterial agents in chronic pyelonephritis patients who have had acute kidney failure]. 723 59


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