Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The antibacterial activity of levofloxacin was compared with those of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and other antibiotics. In general, levofloxacin was equally active or up to fourfold more active than ofloxacin against all 801 organisms tested. Levofloxacin was twofold [corrected] more active than ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and 2- to 4-fold more active than ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Bacteroides fragilis. Levofloxacin was two- to eightfold more active than ciprofloxacin against coagulase-negative staphylococci and Acinetobacter spp., although these improvements in potency may not be clinically relevant. Levofloxacin inhibited 90% of streptococci when it was used at concentrations of 1 to 2 micrograms/ml. Levofloxacin was two- to fourfold less active than ciprofloxacin against most members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Citrobacter, Proteus, Providencia, Salmonella, and Yersinia spp.; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both compounds were equally active against Pseudomonas cepacia. The in vitro DNA gyrase inhibitory activity of levofloxacin was as potent as that of ciprofloxacin, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.65 micrograms/ml against an E. coli enzyme. In vivo, oral treatment with levofloxacin was as efficacious or more efficacious than that with ciprofloxacin in systemic as well as pyelonephritis infections in mice. Levofloxacin achieved higher concentrations in the serum and tissue of mice than did ciprofloxacin. This study presents some potential advantages of the pure L isomer of ofloxacin over ciprofloxacin and other quinolones.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of levofloxacin (l-ofloxacin), an optically active ofloxacin. 150 49

Urease (urea amidohydrolase; EC 3.5.1.5) catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia and carbamate. The latter compound spontaneously decomposes to yield another molecule of ammonia and carbonic acid. The urease phenotype is widely distributed across the bacterial kingdom, and the gene clusters encoding this enzyme have been cloned from numerous bacterial species. The complete nucleotide sequence, ranging from 5.15 to 6.45 kb, has been determined for five species including Bacillus sp. strain TB-90, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Helicobacter pylori, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Sequences for selected genes have been determined for at least 10 other bacterial species and the jack bean enzyme. Urease synthesis can be nitrogen regulated, urea inducible, or constitutive. The crystal structure of the K. aerogenes enzyme has been determined. When combined with chemical modification studies, biophysical and spectroscopic analyses, site-directed mutagenesis results, and kinetic inhibition experiments, the structure provides important insight into the mechanism of catalysis. Synthesis of active enzyme requires incorporation of both carbon dioxide and nickel ions into the protein. Accessory genes have been shown to be required for activation of urease apoprotein, and roles for the accessory proteins in metallocenter assembly have been proposed. Urease is central to the virulence of P. mirabilis and H. pylori. Urea hydrolysis by P. mirabilis in the urinary tract leads directly to urolithiasis (stone formation) and contributes to the development of acute pyelonephritis. The urease of H. pylori is necessary for colonization of the gastric mucosa in experimental animal models of gastritis and serves as the major antigen and diagnostic marker for gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in humans. In addition, the urease of Y. enterocolitica has been implicated as an arthritogenic factor in the development of infection-induced reactive arthritis. The significant progress in our understanding of the molecular biology of microbial ureases is reviewed.
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PMID:Molecular biology of microbial ureases. 756 14

Escherichia coli infections are responsible for significant losses in the poultry industry in many parts of the world. The pathogenesis and the role of virulence factors are not yet totally elucidated. We, therefore, examined 150 E. coli strains isolated from visceral organs of poultry having died from colibacillosis for the presence of virulence-associated genes by PCR. The E. coli strains were investigated for the presence of a total of 17 virulence-associated genes described for diarrheagenic (stx1/2, eae, hlyEHEC, estl, eltI, astA, cdtb), septicemic (hlyA, papC, cnf1/2, fyuA, irp2) and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC; iucD, tsh, fimC, and hlyE as well as stx2f). Seven genes were significantly distributed among APEC strains, while most of the other investigated genes could be demonstrated only sporadically or not at all. FimC (Type I fimbriae) was detected with the highest prevalence in 92.7% of the isolates. Most of the strains harboring iucD (88.7%) also gave positive results for tsh (85.3%). Genes fyuA (ferric yersiniabactin uptake) (66.0%) and irp2 (iron-repressible protein) (68.0%), necessary for Yersinia to acquire iron in the mouse infection model, were regularly detected in combination. Moreover, we found papC (pyelonephritis-associated pili) in 30.0% and astA (enteroaggregative heat stable toxin) in 17.3% of the field strains. A significant amount of strains (57.3%) harbored a combination of iucD, tsh, fimC, fyuA and irp2 virulence-associated genes, presumably rendering these strains particularly virulent. These findings provide novel insights into the presence and distribution of virulence-associated genes in avian pathogenic E. coli field strains, which will help to more comprehensively characterize APEC in future epidemiological studies. It is assumed that the existence of two iron acquisition systems points towards their important role in virulence. Furthermore, we suggest that characterization of the respective phenotypes in infection models will provide substantial information to better understand the pathogenesis of colibacillosis in poultry.
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PMID:Virulence-associated genes in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolated from internal organs of poultry having died from colibacillosis. 1172 21

The afimbrial AfaE-VIII adhesin is common among Escherichia coli isolates from calves with intestinal and/or extraintestinal infections and from humans with sepsis or pyelonephritis. The virulence genotypes of 77 Escherichia coli afa-8 isolates from farm animals and humans were compared to determine whether any trait of commonality exists between isolates of the different host species. Over half of the extraintestinal afa-8 isolates were associated with pap and f17Ac adhesin genes and contained virulence genes (pap, hly, and cnf1) which are characteristic of human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). PapG, which occurs as three known variants (variants I to III), is encoded by the corresponding three alleles of papG. Among the pap-positive strains, new papG variants (papGrs) that differed from the isolates with genes for the three adhesin classes predominated over isolates with papG allele III, which in turn were more prevalent than those with allele II. The data showed the substantial prevalence of the enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin gene (east1) among afa-8 isolates. Most of the afa-8 isolates harbored the high-pathogenicity island (HPI) present in pathogenic Yersinia; however, two-thirds of the HPI-positive strains shared a truncated HPI integrase gene. The presence of ExPEC-associated virulence factors (VFs) in extraintestinal isolates that carry genes typical of enteric strains and that express O antigens associated with intestinal E. coli is consistent with transfer of VFs and O-antigen determinants between ExPEC and enteric strains. The similarities between animal and human ExPEC strains support the hypothesis of overlapping populations, with members of certain clones or clonal groups including animal and human strains. The presence of multiple-antibiotic-resistant bovine afa-8 strains among such clones may represent a potential public health risk.
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PMID:Extended virulence genotype of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates carrying the afa-8 operon: evidence of similarities between isolates from humans and animals with extraintestinal infections. 1251 52

Tubulointerstitial nephritis (TN) is a heterogenous disease, where disturbances of the interstitial tissue and renal tubules are found. Different immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms initiated by infectious and non-infectious factors may lead to TN. A case of 13-years-old girl with primary diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis is presented. The abdominal pain, headache, pain in lumbar region and intermittent fever with loss of appetite were observed in this girl a few weeks before admission. Microcytic anemia, proteinuria and glucosuria, azotemia and elevated markers of inflammatory response were found. In ultrasound examination heterogenous cortex echogenicity of both kidneys and disturbances in parenchymal blood flow were observed. In renal scintigraphy the discriminated catch index was found. Kidney biopsy revealed the edema of the interstitial space with mononuclear and lymphocyte infiltration. The diagnosis of TN was established upon the history, clinical examination, results of laboratory tests, kidney imaging and biopsy. After steroid and doxycycline treatment an improvement and normalization of the results of laboratory tests were observed. It seems to be justified to consider Yersinia infection as a cause of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.
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PMID:[Yersiniosis as a cause of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and acute renal failure--case report]. 1606 90

Omadacycline, an aminomethylcycline, is a novel member of the tetracycline class of antibiotics. It has received approval by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, and is available in both oral and intravenous formulations. It is also being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of cystitis and pyelonephritis. The omadacycline molecule was designed to overcome tetracycline resistance and has broad-spectrum activity that includes gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes, atypicals, and other drug-resistant strains, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis, organisms of biodefense interest. Omadacycline has minimal drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions and a favorable safety profile, with the most common adverse events being gastrointestinal symptoms.
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PMID:Omadacycline: A Novel Tetracycline Derivative With Oral and Intravenous Formulations. 3089 28