Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sera from 103 fasting individuals 3 to 76 years of age and free of clinical infectious disease and sera from 183 patients with infectious disease were assayed for serum total non-esterfied fatty acids (tNEFA) and compared. Data were also separated into five groups according to age of donor: 3--7, 8--19, 20--35, 36--60, and 61--76 years. The mean group serum levels of tNEFA increased with age. Among patients with infectious diseases sixty-five were diagnosed as having hepatitis, 41 with infectious mononucleosis, 18 with cellulitis, 12 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 11 with non-pneumococcal pneumonia, 9 with pneumococcal pneumonia, 8 with pharyngitis, 6 with pyelonephritis, 6 with aseptic meningitis, 4 with Gram-negative sepsis, and 3 with encephalitis. The sera from 23 non-fasting patients with gonorrhea were also tested. The serum tNEFA levels were found to be altered, in fact depressed from normal group values, only in patients with pneumonia or tuberculosis. This depression may be related to aberrant pulmonary metabolism during pneumonia.
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PMID:Reduced level of non-esterified fatty acids in sera from patients with infectious respiratory disease. 69 41

Studies using cultured cells have shown that gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) induces the expression of Fc gamma RI (the type I Fc receptor for IgG) on human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and greatly increases the number of these receptors on human monocytes. Administration of rIFN-gamma in vivo also causes enhanced Fc gamma RI expression on these cell populations. Because streptococcal antigens are potent inducers of IFN-gamma in vitro, we postulated that IFN-gamma would be produced endogenously in vivo in patients with streptococcal infections. Such production of IFN-gamma in vivo, even at low levels, might be expected to induce the expression of Fc gamma RI on monocytes and neutrophils. To evaluate this possibility, we used monoclonal antibody 32 (mAb 32), which is specific for Fc gamma RI, to quantitate the expression of this receptor on human peripheral blood cells. We measured the binding of mAb 32 to monocytes and PMNs isolated from healthy donors and from patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis. PMNs from healthy donors (n = 12) had 700 +/- 600 (mean +/- SD) mAb 32 binding sites. Patients with pharyngitis and negative throat culture for GABHS (n = 11) had 2,100 +/- 1,600 sites on their PMNs. In contrast, the PMNs from patients with documented GABHS pharyngitis (n = 12) had 11,600 +/- 7,500 mAb 32 binding sites on their surface. There was a similar change in the expression of Fc gamma RI on monocytes, with control monocytes having a mean of 19,900 +/- 3,200 mAb 32 binding sites per cell and the GABHS-positive monocytes having 47,500 +/- 21,400 sites. The GABHS-negative throat culture group had a slightly elevated number of Fc gamma RI with a mean of 28,200 +/- 8,400 sites. 10 patients with documented urinary tract infections and three patients with uncomplicated pyelonephritis had no elevation in Fc gamma RI expression. These studies demonstrate that a localized group A streptococcal infection can cause systemic activation of the entire circulating pool of phagocytes, and suggest that a similar level of activation is uncommon in localized gram-negative infections of the urinary tract.
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PMID:Monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils of patients with streptococcal pharyngitis express increased numbers of type I IgG Fc receptors. 214 95

The pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) were evaluated in 21 children with a variety of infections. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Pharmacokinetics in 4 children, each receiving a single dose of 60 mg/kg, were evaluated. The average half-life of SBT was 1.03 hours and that of ABPC was 0.83 hour. 2. In vitro antimicrobiol activity (MIC) of SBT/ABPC in which SBT and ABPC are combined at a ratio of 1:2 was stronger than ABPC alone and was quite effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae, but activity against Escherichia coli was relatively low. Antimicrobial activity of SBT/ABPC against S. aureus was almost equal to those of piperacillin (PIPC), cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazole (CMZ), but against H. influenzae was stronger than those of CEZ and CMZ. Activity against E. coli was lower than those of PIPC, CEZ and CMZ. 3. A total of 21 patients including 3 with pharyngitis, 10 with bronchitis, 5 with pneumonia, 1 each with acute enteritis, pyelonephritis and suspected sepsis were treated with SBT/ABPC. The clinical efficacy rate for these patients was 95.2% (20/21). The bacteriological eradication rate was 80% (8/10). 4. There were 4 instances of side effects, 1 case each of eruption, diarrhea, thrombocytosis and eosinophilia, but all symptoms were transient.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in pediatrics]. 274 54

The clinical effectiveness of cefteram pivoxil (CFTM-PI) granule, a new oral cephalosporin, was studied in pediatric patients. The results are summarized as follows. 1. CFTM-PI was given orally to 17 children in daily doses of 9.5 to 31.8 mg/kg in 3 to 4 divided portions for 2 to 10 days. Clinical evaluations were made on 14 patients. Clinical effects of CFTM-PI were excellent in 4, good in 5 of 9 patients with tonsillitis or pharyngitis, excellent in all cases of 2 patients with pneumonia, 1 patient with scarlet fever and 1 patient with pyelonephritis, and fair in 1 patient with purulent cervical lymphadenitis. Overall clinical effects were excellent in 8, good in 5, and fair in 1 with an efficacy rate of 92.9%. 2. No side effects were observed in any of the 17 patients. Hematological tests showed a slight elevation of blood platelet counts in 1 patient. 3. The taste and odor of CFTM-PI granule were well accepted by the children. 4. CFTM-PI is a useful oral antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial infections in pediatrics.
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PMID:[A clinical study on cefteram pivoxil granule in the field of pediatrics]. 281 Jul 61

From 1976 to 1981, 28 episodes of group B streptococcus (GBS) septicemia were identified in our hospital (CHUV, University Hospital Lausanne), 18 in 17 adults and 10 in newborns. The latter had acute respiratory distress syndrome (8 cases) or meningitis (2 cases). In adults the skin was the main source of infection (6 diabetic foot, 4 acute cellulitis complicating chronic skin diseases, 2 infections secondary to diagnostic procedures (capillary and ascitic taps) and 1 meningitis secondary to neurosurgery). The other sources of infection were 1 pharyngitis, 1 pneumonia and 1 pyelonephritis. Eleven patients had an underlying disease (7 diabetes and 4 malignancies). Four patients developed septic osteoarticular metastases, one after a 3 weeks' course of antibiotic. In the latter case, as well as in the two adult patients who died, the strains of GBS were found to be tolerant to penicillin. Thus, GBS septicemia are not rare in adults and occur often in compromised hosts such as diabetics. The portal of entry is frequently the skin and the course may be severe with distant complications.
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PMID:[Streptococcus group B septicemia. Analysis of 18 cases in adults and 10 in newborn infants]. 633 80

T-1982 (cefbuperazone), a new injectable cephamycin antibiotic, was studied for its antibacterial activity, concentration in serum and urine, penetration into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as clinical application. The following results were obtained. 1. Antibacterial activity: The susceptibilities of clinically isolated K. pneumoniae, E. coli and E. cloacae to T-1982 were superior to those of CEZ CMZ, and ABPC. T-1982 seemed to be useful for various infections due to Gram-negative rods. 2. Concentration in serum and urine: Subjects were 10 children with congenital heart failure but no abnormal renal and liver functions. T-1982 was given intravenously to 3 groups at 200 mg/kg by one shot (4 cases), 20 mg/kg by 1 hour drip infusion (3 cases) and 10 mg/kg by 1 hour drip infusion (3 cases). The half-lives were 60, 78 and 85 minutes, respectively. 3. Penetration into cerebrospinal fluid: Three children with malignant tumor were injected 20 mg/kg intravenously. A small amount of T-1982 was penetrated into CSF. 4. Clinical efficacy: T-1982 was administered daily 40-116 mg/kg t.i.d. or q.i.d. for 2-14 days to 17 children comprising 1 bronchopneumonia, 1 bronchitis, 4 tonsillitis, 1 lymphadenitis, 1 sepsis, 1 pharyngitis, 1 impetigo, 1 acute sinusitis and 6 pyelonephritis. Clinical efficacy was excellent in 10, good in 2, fair and poor in 3, and the efficacy rate was 70.6%. Bacteriological effect was as follows; eradicated in 9 cases and unknown in 8 cases. As side effect, GOT and GPT elevations unrelated to the drug were observed in 2 cases. Other abnormal findings were not found. T-1982 seems to be safe antibiotic in the field of pediatrics.
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PMID:[Fundamental and clinical studies on T-1982 (cefbuperazone) in the field of pediatrics]. 634 37

The appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing habits by resident physicians in a family practice center was evaluated. From a six-month period, 225 antibiotic prescriptions were reviewed retrospectively, in a three-phase study. In the first phase, two physicians determined the validity of the diagnosis and treatment for each case, based on criteria suggested by current literature. In the second phase, the pharmacist investigators compared the prescribed regimens with the established criteria for appropviateness of drug choice, daily dose, dosage interval, and duration of therapy. In the third phase, charts were reviewed to determine if microbial cultures had been ordered. The diagnosis was accepted in 89% of the cases; of those, drug therapy was indicated for 84%, an appropriate drug was prescribed in 89%, daily dose was appropriate in 72%, dosage interval was acceptable in 75%, and duration of therapy was appropriate in 59%. Microbial cultures were commonly ordered for pharyngitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and gonococcal urethritis. Cultures were not ordered for tonsillitis, nongonococcal urethritis, prostatis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The prescribing patterns of a group of family practice residents were found to be in less than full compliance with standards in the literature. However, the importance of this finding is difficult to judge because there have been few such studies in ambulatory care settings and the validity of some of the criteria for appropriateness is not known.
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PMID:Antimicrobial use review in a family practice setting. 728 1

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on SY5555 were performed in children. The results were as follows: 1. A total of 15 patients considered to have bacterial infections were treated with SY5555. Each dose, 5 mg/kg, was orally administered 3 times daily, for 4-11 days. Clinical efficacies of SY5555 in 13 patients with bacterial infections (1 with pneumonia, 2 with bronchitis, each 1 with maxillary sinusitis, 2 with otitis media, 5 with pharyngitis, 1 each with gastroenteritis and pyelonephritis) were evaluated as excellent in 10 patients and as good in 3 patients with an efficacy rate of 100%. Two patients with viral infection and malignant lymphoma were not evaluated. Thirteen causative strains in 7 species were found in 10 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1/3, Haemophilus influenzae in 2/2, Streptococcus pyogenes 4/4, Salmonella spp. in 1/1, Escherichia coli in 1/1 were eradicated. Only one patient developed mild diarrhea as an adverse reaction. Another patient showed elevated GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase). The abnormality was mild and the patient recovered after the cessation of SY5555 administration without specific treatment. 2. MICs of SY5555 were examined against 33 clinical isolates. SY5555 has low MICs against Enterococcus faecalis and other Gram-positive cocci. 3. Pharmacokinetic studies Peak plasma concentrations of SY5555 was 1.15 micrograms/ml at a dose level of 4.9 mg/kg orally administered at fasting. Based on the above results and the broad spectrum of the anti-bacterial activities, SY5555 appears to be a promising antibiotics that is usable as a single agent for the primary therapy of respiratory tract infections, skin soft tissue infections and urinary tract infections in children.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological, and clinical studies on SY5555 in children]. 769 43

Cefuroxime is the first commercially-available second-generation cephalosporine to be widely used in therapy; it is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin obtained from the 7-cephalosporanic acid nucleus of cephalosporin C. Cefuroxime axetil is the acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime. The majority of micro-organisms associated with respiratory infections are highly sensitive to cefuroxime. These include Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and the other streptococci (excluding group D streptococci), and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bacteria sensitive to cefuroxime include the enterobacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella and Shigella and Straphylococcus aureus (methicillin-sensitive strains). The pharmacokinetic studies show that the maximum plasma concentration of cefuroxime after oral administration of 250 mg and 500 mg of cefuroxime axetil after a meal are respectively 4.6 and 7.9 mg/l. The absolute bioavailability of tablets is 68% (extremes 63-73%) after oral administration of 500 mg cefuroxime axetil. The protein binding is 33+/-5.7%. Tissue diffusion was studied in the interstitial fluid, the bronchial mucosa, the tonsils, and the bronchial secretions. Cefuroxime axetil is available as capsule-shaped tablets containing 125, 250 or 500 mg. An oral suspension dosage form for paediatric purposes is also available as granules in multidose bottles and sachets. Constitution gives a suspension containing 125 mg or 250 mg cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil). Cefuroxime axetil is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Indications include: lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., acute and chronic bronchitis and pneumonia); upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., ear, nose and throat infections such as otitis media, sinusitis tonsillitis and pharyngitis); genito-urinary tract infections (e.g., pyelonephritis, cystitis and urethritis, gonorrhoea, acute uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis); and skin and soft tissue infections (e.g., furunculosis, pyoderma and impetigo). For most infections, a dose of 250 mg twice daily is appropriate. In some urinary tract infections, 125 mg twice daily has been shown to be effective. If pneumonia is suspected or in more severe lower respiratory tract infection, doses of 500 mg bd should be used. Uncomplicated gonorrhoea has been shown to respond to a single 1-g dose of cefuroxime axetil. Adverse reactions to cefuroxime have generally been mild and transient in nature (gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting).
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PMID:Cefuroxime axetil. 1861 87

Infectious mononucleosis, a syndrome characterized by the triad of pharyngitis, fever, and lymphadenopathy, is caused in the majority of cases by Epstein-Barr virus and usually presents in adolescents and young adults. The disease is for the most part self-limited with full recovery; however, life-threatening complications can occur. Manifestations of Epstein-Barr virus associated infectious mononucleosis can be variable and at times atypical, leading to a delay in diagnosis and consequently unnecessary tests and treatment. We present a case of infectious mononucleosis from Epstein-Barr virus in a female college student who was admitted to the hospital with the initial diagnosis of pyelonephritis. This diagnosis was made based on an abnormal urinalysis, including the presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, and protein, in the setting of high fevers, cough, abdominal pain, left costovertebral tenderness, and an unexplained left neck mass. A monospot was negative two days prior. Renal involvement in Epstein-Barr virus infection is not common and bridges the spectrum from asymptomatic urinary abnormalities to acute renal failure, with acute interstitial nephritis being the most frequent pathological finding. Our patient received corticosteroids and albuterol for a worsening cough, in addition to supportive care. Despite steroid therapy, she developed a debilitating, protracted urticarial rash, also thought to be caused by the Epstein-Barr virus infection. Our case highlights the varied and complex constellation of findings sometimes seen in Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Like in our patient, pharyngitis, a part of the hallmark triad of symptoms characterizing infectious mononucleosis, is not always present, and the monospot may be negative. A high degree of suspicion, as well as recognition that multiple organ systems may be involved in Epstein-Barr virus associated infectious mononucleosis, is required to make the proper diagnosis.
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PMID:An Atypical Presentation of Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Infectious Mononucleosis Mistaken for Pyelonephritis. 3239 17


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