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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

More than 95% of acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis cases in children are caused by P-fimbriated Escherichia coli. Uroepithelial cells from individuals prone to urinary tract infections bind such bacteria more avidly than do cells from healthy controls. A high density of receptors for P-fimbriae on cells of the urinary tract and kidney may thus be an important host factor in the acquisition of upper urinary tract infections. In this communication we are describing methods to determine the densities and localization of P-fimbriae receptors on mammalian cells. To determine the receptor density on cells in suspension, the cells were incubated with fluorescein-labelled P-fimbriated E. coli. They were then subjected to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis which monitors both the size and the relative fluorescence of each cell. FACS analysis proved versatile for rapid and specific analyses of P-fimbriae receptor densities on large numbers of any chosen type of cell. The fluorescein-labelled P-fimbriated E. coli were also useful in localizing P-fimbriae receptors in tissues. These techniques are not limited to the assessment of P-fimbriae receptor densities and tissue localization but open up new aspects for studies of the specificities involved in the interactions between other microorganisms (e. g. parasites, bacteria and virus) and their host cells.
Infection
PMID:Density and localization of P-fimbriae-specific receptors on mammalian cells: fluorescence-activated cell analysis. 613 82

A slide agglutination test to detect P-fimbriated Escherichia coli was developed by attaching glycosides containing the relevant receptor structure (alpha-D-Galp-(1-4)-beta-D-Galp) to particles. A suspension of these particles agglutinates within ten seconds when mixed with P-fimbriated bacteria. The test is named the P-specific particle agglutination test (PPA test). The PPA test is more sensitive than the haemagglutination assays previously used. The exclusive specificity of the PPA test also allows the detection of P-fimbriae on strains which additionally possess other fimbriae (e.g. X-fimbriae). Using this test, the frequency of P-fimbriated E. coli in children with acute non-obstructive pyelonephritis was shown to exceed 95%. In lower urinary tract infections the frequency of P-fimbriated E. coli was approximately 20%. Moreover, children with acute pyelonephritis were also found to be heavily colonized in both the periurethral area and the intestine with the identical P-fimbriated E. coli strain.
Infection
PMID:P-fimbriae of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli: detection in clinical material by a rapid receptor-specific agglutination test. 613 84

An experimental pyelonephritis model was developed in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) using P-fimbriated Escherichia coli as the infecting organism. The relevant receptor molecules for P-fimbriae were also shown to be present in Macaca fascicularis. Atraumatic administration of P-fimbriated E. coli into the ureter induced a ureteritis followed by acute and chronic pyelonephritis. The decisive role of P-fimbriae as an adhesive virulence factor was proven by the receptor blockade of P-fimbriae-mediated bacterial adhesion by a synthetic receptor analogue (alpha-D-Galp-(1-4)-beta-D-Galp-1-OMe), which was administered into the ureter together with the challenge bacteria. On the basis of these and other findings, the role of reflux and pyelonephritis in relation to renal scarring is discussed in this paper. It is proposed that minor transitional vesicoureteral reflux together with the adhesive property of P-fimbriated E. coli and their ability to induce ureteritis might constitute an alternative mechanism to gross reflux by which bacteria ascend to the kidney. These findings and the fact that intestinal colonization with P-fimbriated E. coli coincides with the disease have opened up new prophylactic and therapeutic possibilities.
Infection
PMID:P-fimbriae of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli: significance for reflux and renal scarring-a hypothesis. 613 85

Infection-induced suppressor cells may be associated with a depression of cell-mediated immune (CMI) mechanisms in pyelonephritis. In the present study, cell viability and cell to cell contact were established as prerequisites for immunosuppression and the role of mononuclear phagocytic cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, as immunoregulatory cells affecting CMI, was also examined. Fractionation of spleen cell suspensions was carried out using carbonyl iron, nylon wool, glass beads, and sephadex. These procedures restored mitogenic responsiveness to splenic lymphocytes from pyelonephritic animals, and it was possible to isolate cells with accessory and suppressor activity from nylon wool columns. Elutable cells (that is, cells which adhere to the column but could be recovered by the addition of EDTA) were characteristically accessory cells and increased the mitogenic responsiveness of normal lymphocytes. Adherent splenocytes which suppress mitogenic responses were isolated from pyelonephritic animals. Additionally, neutrophils, at concentrations readily demonstrable in lesions, depressed CMI responses in vitro. With this information available it should now be possible to carry out a detailed analysis of the cellular mechanism by which CMI in renal infection is depressed.
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PMID:Infection-induced immunosuppression in pyelonephritis: characteristics of the suppressor cell(s). 622 63

The therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of the cephalosporins ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefotaxime and HR 221 were studied in animal experiments. The animal model used was experimental estrogen-induced or non-induced chronic Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rats. The animals were treated with 5 mg cephalosporin/kg twice daily for one week. Each of the cephalosporins tested led to a significant decrease in renal bacterial counts, in spite of the low doses given. Ceftazidime was significantly more active than HR 221 in both experimental models, although the serum levels of HR 221 were higher and were maintained for a longer period of time than those of ceftazidime. Differences in pharmacokinetic properties (influenced by metabolic stability and protein binding) could be the reason for the differences in therapeutic activity, since the in vitro antimicrobial activity of each of the cephalosporins tested was very similar against the test strain.
Infection 1983
PMID:Ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, cefotaxime and HR 221 in experimental chronic Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in rats. 629 68

Twenty-one hospitalized patients with infectious diseases were randomly assigned to receive either thienamycin formamidine/renal dipeptidase inhibitor or cefazolin. Infections treated included septicaemia, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, pyelonephritis, cellulitis and cutaneous abscesses. All eleven patients treated with thienamycin formamidine/renal dipeptidase inhibitor responded well to therapy. One of the ten patients treated with cefazolin developed a superinfection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Side effects detected were minor in both groups.
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PMID:A randomized study comparing clinical efficacy and safety of thienamycin formamidine (MK0787)/renal dipeptidase inhibitor (MK0791) and cefazolin. 635 77

In patients with recurrent pyelonephritis, the pathogenetic events proceed through intestinal colonization, spread to the urinary tract and persistence, seemingly uninterrupted by host defense mechanisms. The factors responsible for the deficient bacterial clearence from the kidneys of these patients, and the genetic control, have not been identified. The susceptibility to colonization has been linked to an increased receptivity for attaching bacteria of the uroepithelia, and to an overrepresentation of the P1 blood group phenotype. To evaluate the role of defects in host defense for the susceptibility to pyelonephritis, experimental UTI in mouse strains with known deficiencies was used. A highly significant increase in susceptibility was noted for C3H/HeJ compared to C3H/HeN mice. The bacterial recovery was inversely correlated to the mitogenic response to LPS. Back-cross analysis revealed a linkage of susceptibility to the Lpsd/Lpsd genotype. In contrast, T and B lymphocyte and complement (C5) defects had little effect on the clearance of Escherichia coli from the kidneys. It is concluded that the inflammatory mechanisms induced by LPS are essential for resistance to experimental pyelonephritis.
Infection
PMID:Genetic factors in host resistance to urinary tract infection. 637 64

The structural basis for the cross-reactivity between the Escherichia coli K13, K20 and K23 capsular polysaccharides is the ----)-beta-ribofuranosyl-(1----7)-beta-2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate polymer. Monoclonal antibodies against E. coli K13 which require O-acetyl-2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate for binding were further investigated. Such antibodies, of both the IgG and the IgM isotype, opsonized E. coli K13 in vitro and protected against intraperitoneal infection in mice as well as ascending pyelonephritis in rats. A monoclonal IgG1 anti-idiotype, specific for the K13 polysaccharide combining site of a protective IgM idiotype, primed for protection against intraperitoneal infection with live E. coli K13 following K13 injections at four as well as 12 weeks of age. the K13 polysaccharide alone did not immunize and protect. The monoclonal anti-K13 idiotype only primed for protection at four weeks of age. These findings suggest a strong effect of a single idiotype on the outcome of a bacterial infection.
Infection
PMID:Studies on immunity against Escherichia coli K13 with monoclonal anti-K13 and anti-anti-K13. 638 95

We studied the effect of D-glucaro-1,5-lactam on aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Parameters of nephrotoxicity were urinary excretion of tubule cells and malate dehydrogenase. When given in appropriate doses, either i. m. or via an oral tube, D-glucaro-1,5-lactam significantly reduced the excretion of cells and enzymes during the administration of gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin, netilmicin and ribostamycin. It did not impair the therapeutic efficacy of ribostamycin in the experimental treatment of acute pyelonephritis in rats. The protective effect of D-glucaro-1,5-lactam could be ascribed to its inhibition of beta-glucuronidase, an enzyme which is located in renal lysosomes and which is activated by aminoglycosides.
Infection
PMID:Animal studies on the reduction of aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity by D-glucaro-1,5-lactam. 688 75

There have been no reports suggesting that a genetic component may affect host resistance to renal infection. In rats with experimentally induced unilateral pyelonephritis, consistent level of infection was achieved in the directly challenged (left) kidneys. Retrograde infection in the unmanipulated (right) kidneys was found to be strain dependent in these animals. Infection was readily established in the right kidneys of the AS2 and HO strains but not in the DA strain; however, infection was established in all unmanipulated kidneys of the DA X AS2 F1 hybrid, whereas eight of 10 kidneys from the DA X HO hybrid remained uninfected. These results suggest that host resistance to retrograde renal infection in the rat strains studied was genetically determined, although the relevant host factor(s) has not yet been identified.
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PMID:Genetic factors and host resistance in experimental pyelonephritis. 688 95


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