Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The marked diminution in the number of circulating eosinophils, which has been shown to occur during acute bacterial infections, is a distinctive aspect of eosinophil physiology and of the host response to acute infection. The mouse rendered eosinophilic by infection with trichinosis provides a suitable model for study of the eosinopenic response induced by acute inflammation. The alterations in eosinophil dynamics associated with acute inflammatory reactions in trichinous mice were studied with pneumococcal abscesses, with Escherichia coli pyelonephritis, with Coxsackie viral pancreatitis, and with acute subcutaneous inflammation due to turpentine. Each of these stimuli of acute inflammation markedly suppressed the eosinophilia of trichinosis. This suggests that the eosinopenia is a response to the acute inflammatory process rather than the response to a specific type of pathogen. These studies apply quantitative techniques to ascertain the effects of acute inflammation on eosinophil production in bone marrow and on distribution of eosinophils in the peripheral tissues. From these observations, it is apparent that the initial response to acute inflammation includes a rapid drop in numbers of circulating eosinophils, a rapid accumulation of eosinophils at the periphery of the inflammatory site, and an inhibition of egress of eosinophils from the bone marrow. With prolongation of the inflammatory process, inhibition of eosinopoiesis occurs.
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PMID:Behavior of eosinophil leukocytes in acute inflammation. II. Eosinophil dynamics during acute inflammation. 109 20

Acute infection is accompanied by a characteristic reduction in circulating eosinophils. This study examined the generally held assumption that the eosinopenia of infection is a manifestation of adrenal stimulation. Trichinosis, Escherichia coli pyelonephritis, and early subcutaneous pneumococcal abscess were used as experimental infections of limited severity. Trichinosis is associated with eosinophilia, but pyelonephritis and pneumococcal infection produce eosinopenia. An assay for serum corticosterone was developed that is sufficiently sensitive to be performed with the small volumes of blood obtained sequentially from individual mice. The corticosterone response to trichinosis fits the sterotyped reaction previously reported for several other bacterial, viral, and rickettsial infections. The peak concentrations of corticosterone in serum from mice with trichinosis was approximately twice normal and occurred at the onset of clinical illness. Serum corticosterone levels gradually declined to the normal range over the next several days. E. coli pyelonephritis produced a similar adrenal response, although the peak serum corticosterone caused by pyelonephritis was less than the serum corticosterone occurring during the first peak of eosinophilia during trichinosis. Infection of a subcutaneous air pouch with penumococci produced eosinopenia within 6 h after inoculation, but there was no rise in serum corticosterone during the first 12 h of the pneumococcal infection. In addition, the eosinopenic response produced by a 12-hpneumococcal abscess occurred mice adrenalectomized 1-4 days before infection with pneumococci. The eosinopenia of acute infection cannot be ascribed to adrenal stimulation.
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PMID:Behavior of eosinophil leukocytes in acute inflammation. I. Lack of dependence on adrenal function. 113 70

Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR, CS-807), a new oral cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Antibacterial activities of R-3746 (Na-salt of cefpodoxime (CPDX] against clinically isolated strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Haemophilus influenzae were compared with those of cefaclor, cephalexin and cefadroxil. R-3746 is superior to other antibiotics against S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, B. catarrhalis and Gram-negative rods. 2. Serum concentrations of CPDX after administration of CPDX-PR at doses of 3 mg/kg (fasting), 6 mg/kg (non-fasting) and 6 mg/kg (fasting) were determined. Mean AUC (area under curve)'s of CPDX obtained were 9.60, 31.35 and 17.89 micrograms.hr/ml, respectively for the 3 dosages. The mean half-lives of CPDX were 3.35, 1.88 and 1.76 hours, respectively. The mean urinary recovery rate within 8 hours after administration of CPDX-PR at a dose of 3 mg/kg (fasting) was 39.2%. 3. CPDX-PR was administered to 37 pediatric patients with various bacterial infections (pyelonephritis 9, cystitis 4, pneumonia 7, acute bronchitis 3, otitis media 2, tonsillitis 10, subcutaneous abscess 1 and purulent lymphadenitis 1). The overall clinical efficacy rate was 91.9% and the overall bacteriological eradication rate was also 91.9%. 4. No adverse reactions were observed. Abnormal laboratory findings were moderate, eosinophilia in 2 and slight elevation of GOT and GPT in 1. The taste and the odor of the CPDX-PR preparation was sufficiently tolerable. From the above results we have concluded that CPDX-PR is a useful oral antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
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PMID:[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on cefpodoxime proxetil in the pediatric field]. 256 89

Sixty pediatric patients (27 males and 33 females) between the ages of 7 months and 11.7 years (mean age = 4.3 yr) were treated with parenteral sulbactam plus ampicillin (1:2 ratio) for lower respiratory tract infections (29 cases), upper respiratory tract infections (4 cases), urinary tract infections (25 cases) or skin/soft tissue infections (2 cases). The infection was mild in 6 cases, moderate in 44 and severe in 10. The infection was acute in 57 patients, recurrent in 1 (cystitis) and was a flare-up of a chronic infection in 2 (pyelonephritis and cystitis). The children received an average dose of 48 mg/kg/d of sulbactam plus 96 mg/kg/d of ampicillin by the i.m. route (43 cases) or by i.v. drip (17 cases) in 3-4 divided doses. The length of treatment ranged between 3 and 10 d (mean duration = 6 d). At the end of therapy, clinical cure was achieved in 53 patients (88.3%), while 6 (10%) had a marked improvement. Only 1 patient, with a lower respiratory tract infection, did not respond to therapy. All 25 patients with urinary tract infection experienced bacteriological cure at the end of treatment. No side effects were reported. Mild and transient changes in laboratory parameters from baseline values were observed in 10 patients (eosinophilia, elevation of SGOT or SGPT) without clinical consequence. Sulbactam plus ampicillin was effective and safe in the treatment of bacterial infections in children and appears to be useful in the treatment of those infections in which beta-lactamase-producing organisms are involved.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of sulbactam plus ampicillin in the treatment of general pediatric infections. 266 Aug 70

Sulbactam/Ampicillin (SBT/ABPC), a combination at a fixed ratio of ABPC and SBT which is an irreversible inhibitor of beta-lactamase in a 2:1 ratio, was clinically evaluated for its efficacy and safety in 24 patients with ages from 5 month-old to 12 years old with bacterial infection. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. A pharmacokinetic study following 30 mg/kg SBT/ABPC administration by 30 minutes drip infusion or intravenous bolus injection showed that mean half-lives of SBT and ABPC were 48.9 minutes and 40.2 minutes, respectively, and mean urinary excretion rates of SBT and ABPC in the first 6 hours were 67.1% and 48.3%, respectively. 2. SBT/ABPC was administered to 14 patients with bronchopneumonia, 4 patients with tonsillitis, a patient each with acute upper respiratory infection, with submandibular lymphadenitis, with phlegmon, with enterocolitis, with pyelonephritis and with cystitis at a daily dosage of 88.2-133.3 mg/kg, divided into 3 or 4, by intravenous bolus injection or by 30 minutes drip infusion. Clinical responses of the 24 patients were as follows: excellent: 17 patients, good: 7 patients. The efficacy rate was 100%. 3. Neither clinical adverse reactions nor abnormal laboratory test values, except slight eosinophilia in a patient and an elevation of GOT, GPT in another were observed. 4. MICs of SBT/ABPC against 7 strong beta-lactamase producing strains isolated from some of the patients were as follows. MIC against a strain of Staphylococcus aureus was 3.13 micrograms/ml, MICs against 2 out of 5 strains of Branhamella catarrhalis were 0.10 microgram/ml and those of the remaining 3 strains were 0.20 microgram/ml. MIC against a strain of Haemophilus parainfluenzae was 3.13 micrograms/ml. 5. These data described above show that SBT/ABPC has excellent bactericidal capacity against beta-lactamase producing bacteria as well as beta-lactamase non-producing Gram-positive and negative bacteria and suggest that SBT/ABPC is a very useful antibiotic for pediatric patients.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in children]. 266 51

The pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) were evaluated in 21 children with a variety of infections. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Pharmacokinetics in 4 children, each receiving a single dose of 60 mg/kg, were evaluated. The average half-life of SBT was 1.03 hours and that of ABPC was 0.83 hour. 2. In vitro antimicrobiol activity (MIC) of SBT/ABPC in which SBT and ABPC are combined at a ratio of 1:2 was stronger than ABPC alone and was quite effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae, but activity against Escherichia coli was relatively low. Antimicrobial activity of SBT/ABPC against S. aureus was almost equal to those of piperacillin (PIPC), cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazole (CMZ), but against H. influenzae was stronger than those of CEZ and CMZ. Activity against E. coli was lower than those of PIPC, CEZ and CMZ. 3. A total of 21 patients including 3 with pharyngitis, 10 with bronchitis, 5 with pneumonia, 1 each with acute enteritis, pyelonephritis and suspected sepsis were treated with SBT/ABPC. The clinical efficacy rate for these patients was 95.2% (20/21). The bacteriological eradication rate was 80% (8/10). 4. There were 4 instances of side effects, 1 case each of eruption, diarrhea, thrombocytosis and eosinophilia, but all symptoms were transient.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical evaluation of sulbactam/ampicillin in pediatrics]. 274 54

The clinical activity of piperacillin was evaluated in 34 children (mean age: 8 years) presenting with severe infection (septicaemia, meningitis, bronchopneumonia, pyelonephritis). A bacteriological diagnosis was established in 24 cases. The mean duration of treatment was 11 days, and the mean dose 220 mg/kg/day administered in three injections. In 25 cases piperacillin was combined with another antibiotic, usually an aminoglycoside (20 cases). Clinical cure or improvement was obtained in 29 children (85%). Treatment was well tolerated, with only 2 cases of moderate blood eosinophilia. In view of these results the authors suggest that piperacillin could be used in children in two circumstances: severe infections caused by Gram-negative cocci or bacilli in children with cystic fibrosis or neutropenia, and against infections contracted in intensive care units, or in children with febrile leucopenia, combined with an aminoglycoside in the absence of, or pending bacteriological results.
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PMID:[Indications for piperacillin in pediatrics]. 294 80

A patient was evaluated because of edema, pruritus and generalized painless lymphadenopathy. Laboratory tests showed marked eosinophilia without known etiology. CT scan of abdomen revealed multiple lymph nodes in retroperitoneal area. Lymph node biopsy was reported as sinus histiocytosis, bone marrow biopsy showed hypercellularity with marked infiltration of normal eosinophils. During his admission he developed Coombs positive hemolytic anaemia. Once he was stable, a laparotomy was performed and the patient died two days later because of septic shock. Autopsy revealed sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) with extranodal involvement of duodenum, spleen and prostate; septic liver and spleen, pyelonephritis, marked infiltration of eosinophils in lymph nodes, spleen, liver duodenum and lungs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of the association of SHML and Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES).
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PMID:Association of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. 298 Jul 26

One hundred and four children who were hospitalized for documented or suspected non-CNS bacterial infections (56 males/48 females, 22 days to 15 years old) were treated with intravenous imipenem/cilastatin for 9.4 days (range 3 to 28 days). Children up to three years of age received 100 mg/kg/day and older children 60 mg/kg/day, administered in four divided doses. Bacterial pathogens were isolated before therapy in 85%. Diagnoses in the 74 evaluable patients included bronchopneumonia with or without empyema (20%), peritonitis complicating appendicitis (16%), skin/soft tissue abscesses (14%), septicemia (11%) and miscellaneous other infections (39%). Among evaluable patients, 95% were clinically cured or improved. One patients, a marasmic child with pneumonitis due to pseudomonas, died during therapy. One evaluable patient each with shigellosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae empyema and streptococcal pneumonia had bacteriologic eradication or suppression but, due partly to noninfectious complications, had no overall clinical improvement. Most bacterial isolates (101/108) were eradicated, including many gram-negative and gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes; three pathogens persisted (one Proteus mirabilis and one Salmonella typhi, one Staphylococcus aureus); and one Escherichia coli pyelonephritis recurred after therapy ended too early. Imipenem/cilastatin was well tolerated by 91% of children. Clinical adverse experiences (AEs), none serious except for the one death, occurred in 19%; 12% were judged possibly related to imipenem/cilastatin, but none probably or definitely related. No serious laboratory AEs occurred; the most common AEs were eosinophilia (11%), urine discoloration, and infusion site pain. Imipenem/cilastatin is well tolerated and has excellent clinical efficacy in a wide variety of pediatric infections.
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PMID:Imipenem/cilastatin for pediatric infections in hospitalized patients. 333 Oct 43

Flomoxef (FMOX, 6315-S), a newly synthesized antibiotic which belongs to the oxacephem group, was clinically evaluated for its efficacy and safety in 17 patients with ages ranging from 1 month to 9 year-8-month who had bacterial infections. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. A pharmacokinetic study following 20 mg/kg FMOX administration by intravenous bolus injection showed that the half-life of FMOX (beta phase) was 39.8 minutes and the urinary excretion of FMOX in the first 6 hours was 76.5%. 2. FMOX was administered to 3 patients with pneumonia, 8 patients with bronchopneumonia, 2 patients with tonsillitis, 2 patients with pyelonephritis, one patient each with cervical lymphadenitis, and pustulosis associated with severe varicella at daily dosage levels of 61.9 approximately 87.2 mg/kg, divided into 3 or 4 administrations by intravenous bolus injection or by 30 minutes drip infusion. The clinical results of these 17 patients were as follows; excellent: 14 patients, good: 2 patients, poor: 1 patient. The efficacy rate was 94.1%. 3. No clinical adverse reaction was observed in any of the 17 patients. Neutropenia, eosinophilia, a slight elevation of GPT and slight elevations of GOT & GPT were observed in 1, 1, 1, and 2 patients, respectively. No abnormality in coagulation system was observed in any of 10 evaluable patients. 4. MICs of FMOX against 13 strains isolated from patients were as follows. MIC against 2 out of 3 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae was 0.20 micrograms/ml and that of the remaining 1 strain was 0.39 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Clinical studies of flomoxef in the field of pediatrics]. 343 Jul 17


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