Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The results from the treatment of 1086 patients, treated at the Therapeutic Clinic, HMI- Sofia were followed up for the period 1961-1970 incld. Acute bacterial and vuris-bacterial pneumonias were found in 318 patients, 475 of the patients were with exacerbated chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, with exacerbated chronic pyelo-nephritis -216 patients and with exacerbated chronic cholecystitis and cholangiohepatitis --92 patients. The effect of the treatment was determined according to a three-stage scale "good" with complete clinical healing (in acute pneumonia), with "improvement"--with complete clinical remission (in chronic infections) and "without effect". Clinical and paraclinical indices were used as criteria in the determination of the effectiveness. The data are statistically processed according to the method of variation analysis. In patients with acute pneumonia the- best effectiveness was manifested by tetraolean (88,7 per cent), tetracylins (77,8 per cent), chloramphenicol (76,8 per cent), penicillin (72,5 per cent), the combination penicillin-streptomycin (71,9 per cent); in patients with exacerbated chronic bronchitis--tetraolean (88,0 per cent), chloramphenicol (73,2 per cent), tetracylins (65,3 per cent); in patients with exacerbated chronic pyelonephritis - chloramphenicol (65,5 per cent); in patients with exacerbated chronic cholecystitis and cholecysto-cholangiohepatitis-tetraolean (70,7 per cent), tetracyclins (66,7 per cent), chloramphenicol (66,1 per cent).
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PMID:[Comparative clinical studies of the effectiveness of the most frequently used antibiotics in the period of 1961-1970]. 77 78

The features of antimony excretion by sweat glands were studied in normal subjects and patients with chronic bronchitis, chronic gastritis, chronic nephritis and calculous pyelonephritis, visceral leishmaniasis, living in some biogeochemical provinces of Fergana Valley. A micromethod based on the coloured reaction of the element with brilliant green was worked out to detect antimony in sweat. Sweat antimony elimination was proved to play a significant role in health and disease. The workers engaged in antimony production, the inhabitants of antimony biogeochemical regions should have their sweat excretion tested to score the Sb level. It is recommended as an additional test for screening and controlling the effects of visceral leishmaniasis chemotherapy by solusurmine in patients with kidney disorders.
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PMID:[The role of the sweat glands in excreting antimony from the body in people living in the biogeochemical provinces of the Fergana Valley]. 142 42

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole continues to be a useful antibiotic for common outpatient problems such as urinary tract infections, prostatitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and acute otitis media as well as for serious infections of the hospitalized patient including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, acute pyelonephritis, and some forms of gram negative meningitis. The other sulfonamides have a limited role.
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PMID:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and other sulfonamides. 332 Jun 19

Laboratory and clinical studies were performed on a new oxacephem antibiotic, flomoxef (FMOX, 6315-S). In vitro antibacterial activity of FMOX was evaluated in comparison to latamoxef (LMOX), cefmetazole (CMZ), cefazolin (CEZ) using clinically isolated strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Antibacterial activities of FMOX were stronger than LMOX, CMZ, CEZ against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella but only slightly effective against Staphylococcus aureus. This antibiotic drug was administered to 5 patients consisting of 2 cases with pneumonia, one each with pyelonephritis, chronic bronchitis and urinary tract infection. The drug was given in 1 g drip infusion twice a day for 8 to 13 days. Clinical efficacies of FMOX were excellent in 1 case, good in 2, fair in 1, and unevaluable in 1. As for bacteriological effect of FMOX, organisms were eradicated in 3 cases. No side effect was noted and there was no abnormal change in laboratory findings.
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PMID:[Laboratory and clinical studies of flomoxef]. 332 64

The oral third-generation cephalosporin cefetamet pivoxil has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties which makes it particularly suitable for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections as well as of infections of the urinary tract. The clinical trial results of cefetamet pivoxil have been reviewed from the literature in 4,112 patients out of whom 3,128 patients were treated with cefetamet pivoxil. The standard doses of cefetamet pivoxil, 500 mg twice daily in adults and 10 mg/kg twice daily in children, were at least as effective and in many cases clinically superior to most currently recommended antibiotics for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis. High efficacy has also been demonstrated in patients with pneumonia, in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and infections of the ear, nose and throat. Clinical trial results have shown that a 7-day treatment period with cefetamet pivoxil is as effective as a 10-day course of phenoxymethylpenicillin in the treatment of pharyngotonsillitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Cefetamet pivoxil was well tolerated: 226 patients (7.2%) out of 3,128 had adverse events which were mainly gastrointestinal, i.e. diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. An additional 53 (1.7%) patients had laboratory changes which were of no clinical relevance. Premature treatment withdrawals were reported in 13 (0.5%) out of 2,612 adults and in 11 (2.1%) out of 516 children. All adverse events subsided rapidly after treatment. Many current antibiotic treatment regimens require the administration of three daily doses. However, twice daily standard doses of cefetamet pivoxil of 500 mg in adults or 10 mg/kg in children provide unbound plasma concentrations of cefetamet which generally exceed the MIC90 for susceptible organisms between doses and are clinically effective, well tolerated and should result in good compliance.
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PMID:Literature survey on clinical efficacy and tolerability on cefetamet pivoxil: an analysis of 3,128 cases. 848 90

Fleroxacin is a new oral and intravenous trifluorinated 4-quinolone, which acts by inhibiting the essential bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. Fleroxacin exhibits a broad spectrum of action, characterized by pronounced activity against aerobic gram-negative bacteria, but also against gram-positive pathogens such as staphylococci. Fleroxacin is distinguished by its excellent bioavailability, high concentrations in the plasma and other body fluids, good tissue penetration, and a long half-life of 10-12 h, thus allowing once-a-day administration. A single oral dose of 400 mg fleroxacin is effective in uncomplicated cystitis in women, uncomplicated gonococcal infections, bacterial enteritis, and traveler's diarrhea. A single daily dose of 200 mg administered for 3 days is effective in uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI), while longer treatment and higher doses may be required in acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis and complicated UTI. Skin, soft tissue, bone and joint infections, and lower respiratory tract infections including exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and non-pneumococcal pneumonia are further indications for fleroxacin.
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PMID:Fleroxacin overview. 886 29

Levofloxacin, levo-isomer of the D,L-racemate ofloxacin, is a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic approved for use in the United States in December 1996. It has an extended spectrum of activity compared with older-generation fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), with improved activity against gram-positive bacteria and excellent activity against gram-negative bacteria and atypical organisms. Although its activity against anaerobic organisms is improved over that of earlier fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin should not be considered a first-line anaerobic agent. It is available in an injectable form, as well as an oral formulation with virtually 100% oral bioavailability. The plasma elimination half-life ranges from 6-8 hours in individuals with normal renal function. Approximately 80% of drug is eliminated unchanged in urine through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The pharmacokinetics are not appreciably affected by age, gender, or race when differences in renal function and body mass and composition are taken into account. Levofloxacin had impressive efficacy in clinical studies of community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis, skin and skin structure infections, and complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis. It is well tolerated; its adverse event profile is similar to that of other fluoroquinolones, with gastrointestinal and central nervous system effects reported most commonly. Drug interactions are uncommon with levofloxacin; however, coadministration with antacids or with other agents containing divalent or trivalent cations reduces levofloxacin absorption. The agent should prove to be more effective than older fluoroquinolones, especially for infections caused by pneumococci highly resistant to penicillin.
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PMID:Levofloxacin, a second-generation fluoroquinolone. 975 6

This therapeutic review discusses the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, in vitro activity, drug interactions, and adverse effects of levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Particular emphasis is placed on the clinical efficacy of levofloxacin and its place in therapy. Compared with ciprofloxacin and the earlier quinolone agents, levofloxacin has an improved pharmacokinetic profile that allows convenient once-daily dosing in either an oral or parenteral formulation. Levofloxacin has enhanced activity against gram-positive aerobic organisms, including penicillin-resistant pneumococci. In published comparative trials involving commonly used treatment regimens, levofloxacin had equivalent if not greater activity in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial sinusitis, acute pyelonephritis, and complicated urinary tract infection. Levofloxacin is well tolerated and induces minimal adverse drug reactions. Based on the above attributes, it may be reasonable to include levofloxacin on the hospital formulary in place of older quinolones. More recently released quinolones such as trovafloxacin exhibit similar advantages; however, until direct comparative trials between levofloxacin and these newer agents are conducted, it is difficult to advocate one agent over another. Regardless of which quinolone is the primary agent on the formulary, it is imperative that this class of antimicrobial drugs be used with discretion to minimize the development of resistance.
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PMID:Levofloxacin: a therapeutic review. 991 2

Gatifloxacin is a new 8-methoxy-fluoroquinolone antibiotic approved for use in the United States in December 1999. It has a broad spectrum of activity with potent activity against gram-positive bacteria, including penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as excellent activity against gram-negative and atypical organisms. Gatifloxacin is available in both oral and injectable forms and is administered once/day. Bioavailability is 96%, with a plasma half-life of approximately 8 hours in individuals with normal renal function. Elimination is primarily renal excretion of unchanged drug with no cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism. The drug is distributed extensively into tissues and fluids and has a favorable pharmacodynamic profile against important pathogens. It had excellent efficacy in clinical studies of acute sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, complicated and uncomplicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis, skin and skin structure infections, and uncomplicated gonococcal infections. The agent is well tolerated, with no evidence of hepatic, cardiac, or phototoxicity noted thus far. Drug interactions are uncommon; however, like other fluoroquinolones, coadministration with multivalent cations should be avoided due to significantly decreased absorption. Gatifloxacin should prove to be a safe and effective agent for a wide variety of infections.
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PMID:Gatifloxacin, an advanced 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone. 1119 37

Levofloxacin, the (-)-(S)-enantiomer isolated from the racemate ofloxacin, is launched by Aventis under the trade name of Tavanic. This new oral and parenteral antibiotic belongs to the fluoroquinolone family and exerts a bactericidal activity upon a large spectrum of microorganisms, including Gram negative and Gram positive bacilli (among which Streptococcus pneunomiae), and atypical respiratory pathogens. It also has interesting pharmacokinetic properties. Besides the classical indications of other fluoroquinolones (especially complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis, and severe skin and soft tissue infections), levofloxacin is indicated for the treatment of acute sinusitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia.
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PMID:[Pharma-clinics. The drug of the month. Levofloxacin (Tavanic)]. 1119 4


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