Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034186 (pyelonephritis)
 6,144 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological and clinical studies on SY5555 were performed in children. The results were as follows: 1. A total of 15 patients considered to have bacterial infections were treated with SY5555. Each dose, 5 mg/kg, was orally administered 3 times daily, for 4-11 days. Clinical efficacies of SY5555 in 13 patients with bacterial infections (1 with pneumonia, 2 with bronchitis, each 1 with maxillary sinusitis, 2 with otitis media, 5 with pharyngitis, 1 each with gastroenteritis and pyelonephritis) were evaluated as excellent in 10 patients and as good in 3 patients with an efficacy rate of 100%. Two patients with viral infection and malignant lymphoma were not evaluated. Thirteen causative strains in 7 species were found in 10 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1/3, Haemophilus influenzae in 2/2, Streptococcus pyogenes 4/4, Salmonella spp. in 1/1, Escherichia coli in 1/1 were eradicated. Only one patient developed mild diarrhea as an adverse reaction. Another patient showed elevated GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase). The abnormality was mild and the patient recovered after the cessation of SY5555 administration without specific treatment. 2. MICs of SY5555 were examined against 33 clinical isolates. SY5555 has low MICs against Enterococcus faecalis and other Gram-positive cocci. 3. Pharmacokinetic studies Peak plasma concentrations of SY5555 was 1.15 micrograms/ml at a dose level of 4.9 mg/kg orally administered at fasting. Based on the above results and the broad spectrum of the anti-bacterial activities, SY5555 appears to be a promising antibiotics that is usable as a single agent for the primary therapy of respiratory tract infections, skin soft tissue infections and urinary tract infections in children.
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PMID:[Pharmacokinetic, bacteriological, and clinical studies on SY5555 in children]. 769 43

Biapenem (L-627) was given intravenously to 17 children with acute bacterial infections including 3 with purulent tonsillitis, 1 with bronchitis, 4 with pneumonia, 2 with sepsis, 3 with pyelonephritis, 2 with SSSS. (2 cases are omitted from evaluation because of Mycoplasma pneumonia and infectious mononucleosis). Daily dosages per kg bodyweight ranging from 18.3 to 60 mg were given in 3 divided doses per day for 4 to 6 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 12 (80%), good in 2 (13.3%), fair in 1 (6.7%) and poor in 0 (0%), with an overall efficacy rate of 93.3%. Good bacteriological responses were obtained in all of the 9 cases from which pathogens were identified. A side effect is observed in only 1 case with mild diarrhea. The above results suggest that L-627 is a useful new carbapenem derivative for the treatment of bacterial infections in children.
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PMID:[Clinical studies on biapenem (L-627) in the pediatric field]. 793 22

Sequential antimicrobial therapy (SAT) is arousing keen interest in microbiologists and pharmacists. In an attempt to obtain information from these groups regarding the use of SAT in hospitals, an anonymized postal survey was carried out. A SAT questionnaire was circulated to consultant medical microbiologists, clinical microbiologists, and heads of pharmacy departments within the British Isles. Four hundred and forty-seven microbiologists and pharmacists returned completed questionnaires, giving a response rate of 29%. Just over half of medical microbiologists (MM) and pharmacists (PH) indicated that SAT was used in their institution in respiratory medicine, geriatrics, surgery and, significantly, to a lesser degree in paediatrics. The most common infections treated were pneumonia, bronchitis and wound infection. However, there were significant differences between MM and PH, with MM favouring greater use of SAT in peritonitis (P=0.03), septicaemia (P<0.01), bone infection (P<0.01), pyelonephritis (UTI) (P<0.01), and PH favouring use in bronchitis (P<0.01). The ability to take oral fluids or a recognition of no potential absorption problems were key criteria in the decision process leading to the institution of SAT by MM and PH. Significantly more MM favoured employing criteria such as temperature <38 degrees C (P<0.01), no requirement for high tissue concentrations (P=0.02) and evidence of response to i.v. antimicrobial therapy (P<0.01) than PH. The most frequently "switched" antimicrobials were metronidazole, ciprofloxacin and co-amoxiclav. There were more than five times as many MM reporting the use of clindamycin than PH (P<0.01), whereas nearly twice as many PH cited use of cefuroxime (P<0.01). Of those hospitals not employing SAT, most MM and PH concurred that the commonest reason to institute SAT was financial, followed by convenience to patients and staff. However, more PH than MM indicated that protocols (P<0.01) and a reduction in i.v. complications (P<0.01) were important to them. In promoting SAT, MM and PH felt they had the major role. Significantly, each profession felt that the other had a lesser role to play; MM as judged by the PH (P<0.01) and PH as judged by MM (P<0.01). When promoting SAT, both MM and PH felt that "education for clinicians" followed by regular audit was the best way to ensure implementation. However, significant differences arose with PH regarding nurse education (P<0.01), SAT posters (P=0.02), regular review of patients (P=0.04) and patient's notes SAT stickers (P<0.01) as more important to them than MM. Significantly, less MM than PH (P<0.01) insisted that either the i.v. and PO antimicrobials were identical or were from the same group or class when "switching". This survey highlights interesting comparisons between the approaches of MM and PH towards SAT and may indicate ways in which both groups may work together to bring about change.
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PMID:Sequential antimicrobial therapy: comparison of the views of microbiologists and pharmacists. 975 65

Transmigration of neutrophils across epithelial surfaces is the hallmark of inflammatory mucosal diseases of diverse organs. In disorders such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, pyelonephritis, and bronchitis, for example, neutrophil transmigration correlates with clinical disease activity, is associated morphologically with injury to the epithelium, and is central to disease pathophysiology. The mechanisms by which neutrophils transmigrate across epithelia are, therefore, of considerable significance for numerous pathologic states. In this paper, we discuss current evidence that defines these mechanisms in intestinal epithelium, emphasizing the structural constituents determining adhesive interactions and a subset of the complex regulatory signals between neutrophils and epithelium.
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PMID:Neutrophil migration across intestinal epithelium. 1119 72

Bromelain is a crude extract from the pineapple that contains, among other components, various closely related proteinases, demonstrating, in vitro and in vivo, antiedematous, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic and fibrinolytic activities. The active factors involved are biochemically characterized only in part. Due to its efficacy after oral administration, its safety and lack of undesired side effects, bromelain has earned growing acceptance and compliance among patients as a phytotherapeutical drug. A wide range of therapeutic benefits has been claimed for bromelain, such as reversible inhibition of platelet aggregation, angina pectoris, bronchitis, sinusitis, surgical traumas, thrombophlebitis, pyelonephritis and enhanced absorption of drugs, particularly of antibiotics. Biochemical experiments indicate that these pharmacological properties depend on the proteolytic activity only partly, suggesting the presence of nonprotein factors in bromelain. Recent results from preclinical and pharmacological studies recommend bromelain as an orally given drug for complementary tumor therapy: bromelain acts as an immunomodulator by raising the impaired immunocytotoxicity of monocytes against tumor cells from patients and by inducing the production of distinct cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (Il)-1beta, Il-6, and Il-8. In a recent clinical study with mammary tumor patients, these findings could be partially confirmed. Especially promising are reports on animal experiments claiming an antimetastatic efficacy and inhibition of metastasis-associated platelet aggregation as well as inhibition of growth and invasiveness of tumor cells. Apparently, the antiinvasive activity does not depend on the proteolytic activity. This is also true for bromelain effects on the modulation of immune functions, its potential to eliminate burn debris and to accelerate wound healing. Whether bromelain will gain wide acceptance as a drug that inhibits platelet aggregation, is antimetastatic and facilitates skin debridement, among other indications, will be determined by further clinical trials. The claim that bromelain cannot be effective after oral administration is definitely refuted at this time.
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PMID:Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. 1157 81

The symptomatic phases of many inflammatory diseases are characterized by migration of large numbers of neutrophils (PMN) across a polarized epithelium and accumulation within a lumen. For example, acute PMN influx is common in diseases of the gastrointestinal system (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, bacterial enterocolitis, gastritis), hepatobiliary system (cholangitis, acute cholecystitis), respiratory tract (bronchial pneumonia, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis), and urinary tract (pyelonephritis, cystitis). Despite these observations, the molecular basis of leukocyte interactions with epithelial cells is incompletely understood. In vitro models of PMN transepithelial migration typically use N-formylated bacterial peptides such as fMLP in isolation to drive human PMNs across epithelial monolayers. However, other microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are major constituents of the intestinal lumen and have potent effects on the immune system. In the absence of LPS, we have shown that transepithelial migration requires sequential adhesive interactions between the PMN beta2 integrin CD11b/CD18 and JAM protein family members. Other epithelial ligands appear to be abundantly represented as fucosylated proteoglycans. Further studies indicate that the rate of PMN migration across mucosal surfaces can be regulated by the ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein CD47 and microbial-derived factors, although many of the details remain unclear. Current data suggests that Toll-like receptors (TLR), which recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are differentially expressed on both leukocytes and mucosal epithelial cells while serving to modulate leukocyte-epithelial interactions. Exposure of epithelial TLRs to microbial ligands has been shown to result in transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory mediators whereas ligation of leukocyte TLRs modulate specific antimicrobial responses. A better understanding of these events will hopefully provide new insights into the mechanisms of epithelial responses to microorganisms and ideas for therapies aimed at inhibiting the deleterious consequences of mucosal inflammation.
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PMID:Neutrophil transepithelial migration: role of toll-like receptors in mucosal inflammation. 1596 22

Bacteriologic examination of 1589 patients showed that, aside from C. diphtheriae, 11% of acute upper respiratory tract infections were caused by other Corynebacterium species. Such bacteria can cause infections of various localizations (bronchitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis, colpitis, dermatitis, arthritis, etc.). C. pseudodiphtheriticum and C. xerosis were isolated from clinical specimens most frequently. Corynebacterium spp. have adhesive, hemolytic, hemagglutinating, and neuraminidase activity; some of them are highly pathogenic. The most virulent, were following species: C. diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. urealyticum, and C. ulcerans. Corynebacterium non diphtheriae were frequently isolated from clinical specimens in association with staphylococci and streptococci. In such cases, factors of pathogenicity and resistance to antibiotics were more pronounced. Strains isolated with association with other bacteria have lost susceptibility to tetracycline, oleandomycin, penicillin, and erythromycin. It is important to be vigilant about bacteria from Corynebacterium genus in clinical settings, and thoroughly study their biologic characteristics, especially in immunocompromised patients.
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PMID:[Etiologic role of Corynebacterium non diphtheriae in patients with different pathology]. 1803 38

The accuracy of using body temperature, serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the work-up for early or late step-down therapy after an initial course of intravenous cefuroxime was investigated. Eighty-one hospitalized patients with an initial course of cefuroxime were retrospectively classified with one of the following diagnoses: bacterial infection without known focus, pneumonia, bronchitis, pyelonephritis, skin and soft-tissue infections or fever of other origin. The majority of the patients had sepsis (91% or 74/81) of whom 6 patients had severe sepsis. The inter-individual variability of body temperature, SAA, CRP and IL-6 was considerable. The time course of SAA and CRP during the first 24 h in patients with sepsis with a short duration of illness but without septic shock showed increasing levels during the initial course of intravenous therapy. In contrast, body temperature and IL-6 decreased, regardless of illness duration. Beyond 24 h, all 4 biomarkers declined, again regardless of the duration of illness. After the initial course of cefuroxime, biomarkers were non-distinguishing in terms of guidance in the judgement of early or late step-down therapy. Further studies are proposed for biomarker guidance antibiotic therapy in sepsis patients without septic shock.
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PMID:The time course of body temperature, serum amyloid A protein, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with bacterial infection during the initial 3 days of antibiotic therapy. 1962 62


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