UMLS:C0034069 - FACTA Search

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Query: UMLS:C0034069 (pulmonary fibrosis)
7,050 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Platelet trapping was explored during the course of bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis by the injection of indium-111 labelled platelets and by light and electron microscopy (EM) of the alveolar capillaries. An i.v. injection of bleomycin markedly increased the localization of labelled platelets in the lung (but not in other organs) for about 3 weeks. On day 7 after bleomycin injection, a significant increase in the number of platelets in contact with the alveolar endothelium was seen with EM. Platelet trapping was strongly correlated (P < 0.005) with collagen deposition when examined in mouse strains genetically susceptible (CBA, C57BL/10, BL10 A.2R), or resistant (Balb/c, BL10.D2, BL10.A), to bleomycin induced fibrosis. In addition, several treatments known to decrease bleomycin induced collagen deposition and synthesis, namely administration of antibodies against CD11a, CD11b, TNF-alpha and IL-1ra, also decreased platelet trapping. As evaluated by EM, anti CD11a mAb significantly decreased the number of platelets in contact with the alveolar endothelium. This study indicates that bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis is strongly correlated with platelet trapping and that platelets probably interact, via their CD11a, with the CD54 born by the alveolar endothelium.
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PMID:Pulmonary platelet trapping induced by bleomycin: correlation with fibrosis and involvement of the beta 2 integrins. 752 44

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is known to be an important mediator in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases. Vascular endothelial cells represent a major target of TNF effects. Platelet sequestration has been found in brain microvessels during experimental cerebral malaria and lung in experimental pulmonary fibrosis, implying that it may participate in TNF-dependent microvascular pathology. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of platelet-endothelial interaction, using co-cultures between platelets and TNF-activated mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). Adhesion and fusion of platelets to MVECs was evidenced by electron microscopy, dye transfer, and flow cytometry. It was induced by TNF and interferon-gamma and depended on LFA-1 expressed on the platelet surface and ICAM-1 expressed on MVECs. The adhesion and fusion also led to the transfer of platelet markers on the MVEC surface, rendering these more adherent for leukocytes, and to an enhanced MVEC sensitivity to TNF-induced injury. These results suggest that platelets can participate in TNF-induced microvascular pathology.
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PMID:Platelets play an important role in TNF-induced microvascular endothelial cell pathology. 935 66

Bleomycin-induced lung injury has been extensively used as a model of interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 is a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1alpha and has been shown to be required for leukocyte migration into inflamed areas. The purpose of this report was to investigate the role of the ICAM-1/LFA-1alpha pathway in a murine model of bleomycin-induced lung injury. Animals received 75 mg x kg(-1) bleomycin (BLM) i.v. followed by treatment with phosphate-buffered saline (BLM group), anti-ICAM-1 and LFA-1alpha monoclonal antibodies (mAb) (BLM+mAb group). Inflammatory cell counts of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, hydroxyproline content and histological findings were compared between these groups. In the BLM group, significant increases in total cell count, macrophage count and neutrophil count of BAL fluid were observed on days 7 and 14. In the BLM+mAb group, bleomycin-induced accumulation of neutrophils was significantly reduced on days 7 and 14 (p<0.01). However, the administration of mAb to ICAM-1 and LFA-1alpha did not decrease the lung hydroxyproline content or the histopathological fibrosis grading score, indicating that the antagonism of ICAM-I and LFA-1alpha did not attenuate bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. This study suggests that the intercellular adhesion molecule-1/lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1alpha pathway mediates the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the injured lung caused by bleomycin; however, other mechanisms are important for the subsequent development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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PMID:ICAM-1 mediates lung leukocyte recruitment but not pulmonary fibrosis in a murine model of bleomycin-induced lung injury. 1083 26

Pulmonary fibrosis can be observed as an end state in a number of chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Although the mechanisms by which lung fibrosis develops are not fully ascertained, recent findings suggest that oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis affecting apoptosis of both structural and inflammatory cells and altering the cytokine microenvironment balance. Damage and alteration of alveolar epithelial cells is one of the hallmarks of interstitial lung fibrosis. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the presence of oxidative stress may lead to the damage, activation and/or apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells either directly, through an imbalanced intracellular redox equilibrium, or indirectly, by activating redox-sensitive effector pathways, such as transcription factors and angiotensin converting enzyme, increasing the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin II that can be considered a mediator of oxidative stress, capable of inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that angiotensin II acts as a proinflammatory cytokine and is effective in activating fibroblasts through the release of transforming growth factor (TGF-beta). As well as activation, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts seem related to the oxidant/antioxidant balance, and the maintenance of a high intracellular level of reduced glutathione (GSH) is considered crucial in providing a reducing environment within the cell, able to protect against oxidative stress. In those conditions where oxidants, either inhaled or produced by inflammatory cell, increase, the ratio between GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSH) may lower, influencing a variety of cellular redox-sensitive signaling processes such as the activation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) that lead to a transcriptional up-regulation of a number of genes involved in inflammation and/or fibrogenesis, including cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1,, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), IL-6] chemokines (IL-8), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) and growth factors (GM-CSF). In addition, several studies have shown that oxidative stress may also affect the immune response by inducing an up-regulation of HLA-DR as well as the expression of two costimulatory molecules such as CD40 and CD86, determining a persistent state of immune activation, and affecting the Th1/Th2 balance, modulating the T-cell effector response towards the Th2 phenotype. It is clear that a better understanding of the precise sequence of events that make the difference between normal tissue repair and fibrosis, including the role played by oxidative stress, will certainly improve our therapeutic approach to pulmonary fibrosis.
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PMID:Role of oxidative stress in pulmonary fibrosis. 1261 77

Ionizing irradiation damage to the lung is associated with an acute inflammatory reaction, followed by a latent period and then late effects including predominantly pulmonary fibrosis. The cells mediating fibrosis have recently been shown to derive from the bone marrow hematopoietic microenvironment. Initiation of late pulmonary irradiation lung damage has been correlated with up-regulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in pulmonary endothelial cells, followed by infiltration of macrophages and bone marrow-derived fibroblasts forming the fibrotic lesions of organizing alveolitis/fibrosis. To determine whether the absence of expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, or other adhesion molecules known to be relevant to inflammatory cell attachment to lung endothelial cells was associated with a decrease in irradiation-induced lung fibrosis, homozygous deletion recombinant knockout mice lacking each of several adhesion molecules were tested compared to littermates for survival and development of organizing alveolitis following 20 Gy irradiation to both lungs. Bone marrow culture longevity has been shown to be a parameter, which correlates with both hematopoietic stem cell reserve and the integrity of fibroblast progenitors of the supportive hematopoietic microenvironment; radiation lung survival data were correlated to longevity of hematopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures established from tibia and femur bone marrow of the same mice. Homozygous deletion recombinant negative mice including VCAM-1-/-, ICAM-1-/-, E-Selectin-/-, or L-Selectin-/- were irradiated to 20 Gy to both lungs and followed for survival and percent organizing alveolitis at time of death compared to each normal littermate. A significant increase in survival (median 190 days) was detected with L-Selectin-/- compared to littermate control mice (median 140 days) or other groups. Long-term bone marrow cultures from L-Selectin-/- mice showed no detectable difference in marrow fibroblasts or hematopoietic cell biology compared to normal littermates; however, E-Selectin-/- mouse long-term bone marrow cultures showed an increase in total cumulative cell production (1.7 x 10(8) cells per flask) compared to bone marrow cultures from normal littermates (1.8 x 10(6) cells per flask) or other groups. As additional controls, transgenic Sod2 mouse long-term bone marrow cultures and those from HPV16, E6 and E7 cytokeratin 14 transgenic mice were also tested. No detectable difference in hematopoiesis was noted in these cultures compared to littermates. The results suggest a complex pattern of involvement of endothelial specific adhesion molecules and marrow fibroblasts in the cell biologic events associated with late irradiation pulmonary fibrosis.
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PMID:Correlation of ionizing irradiation-induced late pulmonary fibrosis with long-term bone marrow culture fibroblast progenitor cell biology in mice homozygous deletion recombinant negative for endothelial cell adhesion molecules. 1501 45

In the context of a large-scale molecular epidemiology study, the possible immunomodulatory effects of mineral fibres, in workers occupationally exposed to asbestos, rockwool and glass fibres, were examined. In each plant, 61, 98 and 80 exposed workers and 21, 43 or 36 control clerical subjects, respectively, were recruited. In the case of the asbestos-exposed subjects, an additional town-control group of 49 people was included. Evidence of pulmonary fibrosis was found in 42% of the asbestos-exposed workers, while evidence of pleural fibrosis was found in 24%. The asbestos-exposed cohort had significantly decreased forced vital capacity of lungs as well as forced expiratory volume per first second. Our findings indicate that exposure to all three types of fibres examined modulates to different degrees the immune response. Suppression of T-cell immunity and to a lesser extent, B-cell immunity was found in the case of workers from a former asbestos cement plant, while stimulation of T-cell response was observed in rockwool workers, and stimulation of T- and B-cell response was seen in glass fibre workers. Depression of the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulation of CD 16+56 (natural killer cells) in peripheral blood was found in glass fibre workers. Statistical analysis showed increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 asbestos; IL-8 all three fibres), expression of adhesion molecule L-selectin on granulocytes and monocytes (asbestos), levels of soluble adhesion molecules (SAMs) in sera (ICAM-1 all three fibres; E-selectin glass fibres), increased levels of immunoglobulin E (asbestos and rockwool) and elevated expression of activation markers on eosinophils (CD66b asbestos, glass fibres; CD69 asbestos). Significant correlations were observed between lymphocyte proliferation and markers of DNA damage and repair. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, SAMs, immunoglobulin E and elevated expression of activation markers on eosinophils was found in people with symptoms of hypersensitivity and an elevated inflammatory status.
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PMID:Immunomodulatory effects of mineral fibres in occupationally exposed workers. 1528 38

To investigate the pathomechanisms of bleomycin-induced early inflammation of lung parenchyma which is known to result in pulmonary fibrosis, we examined the in vitro effect of bleomycin (BLM) on primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L). After incubation of microvascular endothelial cells with BLM we detected an induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) by immunoblotting. Further, after BLM-exposure an increased concentration of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in culture supernatant and an increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) on the cell surface have been observed. Real-time PCR revealed up-regulated mRNA expression levels of both, IL-8 and ICAM-1 after treatment with BLM. Finally, pre-treatment with a selective p38 MAPK-inhibitor, SB 203580, potently reduced the BLM-induced up-regulation of IL-8 expression but did not show any effect on expression of ICAM-1. These results demonstrate that BLM induces the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in the pulmonary microvascular endothelium, which thereby may actively contribute to the development of early inflammation and later fibrosis of the lung. Furthermore, investigating the effect of an inhibitor of p38 MAPK the data indicate the involvement of p38 MAPK-dependent as well as p38 MAPK-independent mechanisms in the effects of BLM on the pulmonary microvasculature.
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PMID:Bleomycin induces IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in microvascular pulmonary endothelial cells. 1538 55

To investigate the effect of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) antisense oligonucleotides (ASON) on concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-8, NO secreted by alveolar macrophages (AMs) in bleomycin-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis, five adult female Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with bleomycin. After 7 days, the rats were killed by right ventricle of heart exsanguinations under ketamine anaesthesia and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to obtain AMs. AMs were divided into four groups, treated with STAT1 ASON, STAT1 sense oligonucleotides (SON), dexamethasone (DEX) and medium alone (control), respectively. AMs and media were collected after culture for 36 h. The mRNA and protein expressions of STAT1 and ICAM-1 in AMs were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-8, NO in cultured medium were detected. The STAT1 mRNA expression by AMs in the STAT1 ASON group was lower than those of AMs in the STAT1 SON group, the DEX group and the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the STAT1 mRNA expression by AMs in the DEX group was also lower than those of AMs in the STAT1 SON group and the control group (p<0.05), but the STAT1 mRNA expression by AMs in the STAT1 SON group was not different from that of the control group (p>0.05). The protein expressions of STAT1 and ICAM-1 and the mRNA expression of ICAM-1 showed similar changes to the STAT1 mRNA expression by AMs. The concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-8, NO in cultured medium from STAT1 ASON group were lower than those from STAT1 SON, DEX and the control groups (p<0.05). Moreover, the concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-8, NO in cultured medium from DEX group were also lower than those from the control and STAT1 SON group (p<0.05), but no difference between STAT1 SON group and the control (p>0.05). The results suggest that STAT1 ASON could inhibit the secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-8, NO in AMs, and STAT1 could become a target of treating pulmonary fibrosis.
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PMID:STAT1 antisense oligonucleotides attenuate the proinflammatory cytokine release of alveolar macrophages in bleomycin-induced fibrosis. 1621 89

In order to test the serum levels of ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), twenty patients with IPF and eleven with secondary interstitial fibrosis (SIF), as well as forty healthy volunteers (HV) were studied. Serum intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) 1, 2 and 3 were assessed by ELISA. Functional respiratory tests, which included spirometry and lung diffusing capacity were simultaneously performed. Median values of serum ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 were higher in the patients' than in the healthy volunteers' (HV) group: IPF group: 946.60 ng/ml and 400.14 ng/ml; SIF group: 901.58 ng/ml and 378.27 ng/ml; HV group: 308.40 ng/ml and 217.55 ng/ml, respectively (p<0.05). ICAM-3 serum levels were equal between the three groups. ICAM-2 negatively correlated to DLCO values. (p<0.005). It can be concluded that ICAM 1 and 2 are elevated in the sera of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. ICAM-2 might be associated with a more impaired clinical status.
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PMID:ICAM-1, ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 in the sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. 1624 79

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been considered to be involved in organ fibrogenesis. However, there is few direct evidence of this process in the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis in vivo. Therefore, we tried to verify the involvement of this process in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Since the co-expressions of epithelial and mesenchymal markers are thought to be a marker of EMT, we performed dual-immuunohistochemistry to assess the co-expressions of these proteins in lung tissues from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, and from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Double positive cells for epithelial markers including E-cadherin, T1alpha, or aquaporin 5, and a mesenchymal markers alpha-smooth muscle actin or vimentin were not found in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Double positive cells for E-cadherin, ICAM-1, LEA, CD44v9, or SP-A and alpha-smooth muscle actin or vimentin were not found in lung tissues from normal lung parenchyma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. These results offer at least two possibilities. One is that EMT does not occur in IPF or bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Another is that EMT may occur in pulmonary fibrosis but the time during this transition in which cells express detectable levels of epithelial and mesenchymal markers is too small to be detected by double immunohistochemistry.
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PMID:Dual-immunohistochemistry provides little evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pulmonary fibrosis. 1823 67

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