Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034069 (pulmonary fibrosis)
 7,050 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lung transplantation is indicated for patients with cystic fibrosis, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis or pulmonary hypertension whose life expectancy is less than two years. Criteria of severity are detailed. Three types of transplantation can be proposed: single lung transplant for fibrosis and dry emphysema; bilateral lung transplant for cystic fibrosis, and certain types of emphysema and pulmonary hypertension; heart-lung transplant for pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome. Due to insufficient supply of donor organs, one quarter of the candidates die on the waiting list and the limit for inscription is often 60 years. Postoperative mortality at two months is about 15% and is related to graft dysfunction, infection, bronchial complications,... Acute rejection usually occurs during the first year. Chronic rejection is expressed by obliterating bronchiolitis, the leading cause of death after one year. There is a risk of cancer (EBV-induced lymphoproliferative syndromes and skin cancer). Five-year survival is still only about 50%. Immunosuppressor treatments still cause numerous adverse effects (hypertension, renal toxicity...); function and quality-of-life have however greatly improved.
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PMID:[Lung transplantation]. 1513 44

Human health in the past and presently is influenced by the amounts and proportion of chemical elements to which humans have been exposed. Arsenic, as a therapeutic agent was known to ancient Greeks and Romans. Ehrlick introduced organic arsenicals as anti linetic agents but with advent of penicillin these have nearly become obsolete. Once considered toxic, harmful to humans, arsenic is now considered an essential ultra trace element at least in animals. Now the impact of arsenic on health is more from industrial and environmental than medicinal exposure. This article reviews human exposure to arsenic in non occupational population, mostly through drinking water which is a worldwide problem, more so in south East Asia. Sources of arsenic, normal and abnormal levels in blood and tissues levels, old and new methods of estimation of arsenic, mechanism of action of arsenic in experimental animal is briefly reviewed. Old described clinical manifestation of arsenic in humans is briefly reviewed and newly described clinical manifestations in human with special emphasis on atherosclerosis, liver and diabetes are discussed. Proposed biological mechanisms in experimental animals included up regulation of inflammatory signals like cytokines and TNF-alpha, oxidative stress, hypomethylation, decreased DNA repair and apoptosis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, activation of several enzymes like methyl transferase which converts inorganic arsenic to MMA and DMA, and GSH in in-vivo and in-vitro in experimental rat liver slices. Experimentally NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine) treatment attenuates oxidative stress in atherosclerosis apoptosis and liver injury. GSH probably plays an important role in deactivation of the intermediate products of arsenic metabolism and prevents peroxidation of membrane lipids. Chronic human exposure has been linked to several systems in the human body: dermal (exfoliative dermatitis, keratosis, vitiligo, skin cancer), peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, hepatosplenomegaly resembling NCPF, portal hypertension, peripheral vascular disease and BFD, arteriosclerosis and cancers of lung, urinary bladder, other internal organs and diabetes. Experimental and epidemiological evidence support diabetes effect of high level arsenic exposure. Low and moderate exposure to arsenic in drinking water is widely prevalent and may play a role in diabetes prevalence and needs to be studied further. Role of arsenic in Indian arteriosclerosis, diabetes and liver diseases, (cirrhosis, NCPF), need to be studied further. Study of mechanisms and enzymes mentioned need to be studied in humans exposed to arsenic and other xenobiotics. Measuring arsenic exposure, metabolic and biologic effects by newly described and simpler urine proteomics may accelerate our understanding of arsenic on health consequences.
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PMID:Arsenicosis: review of recent advances. 2175 19

Everolimus has been successfully used in solid organ transplantation, especially of the heart and kidney, but much less often in lung transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term use of everolimus in lung transplantation in Chile. We retrospectively analyzed patients receiving everolimus between 2005 and 2010 in terms of indication, lung and kidney function, rejection episodes, infections, malignancy appearance, and adverse events. Ten of 60 lung transplant recipients were converted to everolimus (16%) at some point after transplantation: four due to calcineurin inhibitor nephropathy (RD); four bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS); one lymphoma; and one, graft pulmonary fibrosis. Among patients with RD, at a mean follow-up of 25 months (range = 3-60), renal function remained stable with baseline of 42.7 mL/min and final creatinine clearance of 45.7 mL/min; lung function did not deteriorate. BOS patients, with an average of 30 months' follow-up (range = 12-48), showed baseline forced expiratory volume in the first second of 49% (r: 41-57) without variation in three patients, but with a decrease in another one after 12 months. One patient discontinued everolimus due to intolerance after 1 year. Two patients developed neoplasias: skin cancer and multiple myeloma. There were 14 infection episodes in seven patients, including 10 involving the respiratory tract infections. Only one patient developed dyslipidemia after everolimus initiation. Two patients died: one due to multiple myeloma and another to BOS. There was no rejection episode. Everolimus was effective and safe when used in combination with low doses of calcineurin inhibitor over long-term follow-up of lung transplant patients.
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PMID:Long-term use of everolimus in lung transplant patients. 2183 61