Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypoxaemia during the rapid eye movement phase of sleep is common in older healthy normal subjects over 55 years of age; the sleep apnoea syndromes--such as obstructive sleep apnoea, where oro-nasal airflow ceases for more than 10 seconds on many separate occasions throughout the night, due to failure of contraction of the genio-glossus muscle; "blue and bloated" patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema, where profound nocturnal hypoxaemia is common in REM sleep, and is associated with further elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure; the overlap syndrome--where "blue and bloated" chronic bronchitis is associated with an obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; and bronchial asthma, where hypoxaemia is associated with irregular breathing and possibly nocturnal bronchoconstriction. Although absolute recognition depends upon all night sleep studies, monitoring of ear oxygen saturation, breathing patterns, and EEG, the clinical features when awake can lead to suspicion of sleep hypoxaemia--as, for example, obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea with loud snoring and restlessness in sleep, hypoxaemia during wakefulness in the overlap syndrome, and nocturnal awakening with wheeze in bronchial asthma. Treatment depends on the cause, and may vary from weight loss and nasal continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea, to nocturnal oxygen in "blue bloaters", a combination of these two in the overlap syndrome, and long acting bronchodilators such as slow release theophyllines in nocturnal asthma. Recognition and appropriate treatment of nocturnal hypoxaemia is an important new development in respiratory medicine.
 ...
PMID:Breathing during sleep. 390 86

Sleep alters breathing pattern and respiratory responses to many external stimuli. These changes permit the development of sleep-related hypoxemia in patients with respiratory diseases and may contribute to the pathogenesis of apneas in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Many respiratory problems during sleep are related to an abnormal control of ventilation. The impaired ventilatory responses permit the development of hypoventilation during sleep and of sleep-related hypoxemia in patients with hypoxic chronic emphysema post TB sequela and kyphoscoliosis. In all these conditions, the hypoxia is most marked in REM sleep, when the ventilatory responses are at their lowest. The impaired ventilatory responses during sleep may accompanied by a decrease in the response of the upper airway opening muscles to chemostimulation during sleep and both factors may be important in the initiation and continuation of apneas.
 ...
PMID:[Breathing during sleep]. 950 31