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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a prospective study of 169 tenants of senior citizen housing in New Jersey in 1986-1987, the relations between tests of peripheral sensory and motor functions in the lower extremities and the rate of first falls were evaluated. The mean age of the cohort was 79.8 years. Fifty-seven persons fell at least once during the follow-up period (mean, 5.6 months). After adjustment for history of stroke, heart failure, emphysema, and use of a walker or cane, rate ratios for first falls were elevated in subjects with reduced toe joint position sense (rate ratio (RR) = 2.2) and sharp-dull discrimination (RR = 2.0), but to a lesser extent for reduced ankle strength (RR = 1.5). Presence of one or more of these three deficits was defined as a peripheral neuromuscular dysfunction and was associated with first falls after adjustment for multiple covariates (RR = 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.3-4.5). Having two or all three sensory or motor deficits increased the rate of falling 3.9 times (95% confidence interval 2.1-7.0) compared with persons without these deficits. These data suggest that impaired sensory and motor function of the lower extremities plays an important role in falls in the elderly.
Am J Epidemiol 1992 Sep 01
PMID:Peripheral neuromuscular dysfunction and falls in an elderly cohort. 133 65

Pulmonary capillaries have extremely thin walls to allow rapid exchange of respiratory gases across them. Recently it has been shown that the wall stresses become very large when the capillary pressure is raised, and in anaesthetised rabbits, ultrastructural damage to the walls is seen at pressures of 40 mm Hg and above. The changes include breaks in the capillary endothelial layer, alveolar epithelial layer, and sometimes all layers of the wall. The strength of the thin part of the capillary wall can be attributed to the type IV collagen in the extracellular matrix. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries results in a high-permeability form of oedema, or even frank haemorrhage, and is apparently the mechanism of neurogenic pulmonary oedema and high-altitude pulmonary oedema. It also explains the exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage that occurs in all racehorses. Several features of mitral stenosis are consistent with stress failure. Overinflation of the lung also leads to stress failure, a common cause of increased capillary permeability in the intensive care environment. Stress failure also occurs if the type IV collagen of the capillary wall is weakened by autoantibodies as in Goodpasture's syndrome. Neutrophil elastase degrades type IV collagen and this may be the starting point of the breakdown of alveolar walls that is characteristic of emphysema. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries is a hitherto overlooked and potentially important factor in lung and heart disease.
Lancet 1992 Sep 26
PMID:Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries: role in lung and heart disease. 809 42

Tracheostomy and gastrostomy are frequent adjunctive procedures required in the management of patients with severe brain injuries to facilitate neurorehabilitation. We therefore evaluated the use of two minimally invasive surgical procedures, percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), in 27 patients with severe brain injuries. The mean age was 41 +/- 4 years, and 23 (85%) were men. All patients were intubated, and 19 (70%) required mechanical ventilator support on the day of PT/PEG. The endotracheal tubes had been in place for 1 to 21 days (mean, 8.7 +/- 0.8). All patients were stable from their acute brain injury; 13 had intracranial pressure (ICP) monitors in place. The Seldinger technique, as described by Ciaglia, was employed for PT. Following PT, a PEG was inserted by a modification of the Sachs-Vine "push" technique. We were uniformly successful in placing these access tubes. Complications were minor and not clinically significant. Three of 13 patients (23%) with ICP monitors had a transient rise in ICP related to PT and one of these patients developed local subcutaneous emphysema. Another patient experienced a mild cellulitis at the tracheostomy site. Of note, there were no PEG-related complications. In conclusion, PT and PEG are readily learned, minimally invasive procedures. In our experience with patients with severe brain injuries combined PT/PEG is a uniformly safe alternative to gain long-term access to the airway and gut.
J Trauma 1992 Sep
PMID:Percutaneous tracheostomy/gastrostomy in brain-injured patients--a minimally invasive alternative. 831 94

Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract can lead to retroperitoneal abscess formation. Clinical signs and symptoms are often non-characteristic. In undetected cases the first sign of perforation may be subcutaneous emphysema. The place where this first appears correlates with the localization of the perforation. The pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical features are discussed, with reference to a case report.
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1992 Sep 20
PMID:[Subcutaneous emphysema in gastrointestinal tract perforation]. 141 24

The sensitivity of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in identifying the pulmonary lesions of cystic fibrosis (CF) was evaluated. Thirty-nine patients (16 males, 23 females; mean age 19.1 years) were examined by chest HRCT. According to Shwachman and Kulczycki criteria, the clinical score of the patients ranged from 40 to 95, thus covering most possible variations of lung disease severity. All the patients presented diffuse thickening of bronchial walls, expression of the characteristic CF bronchial inflammation. Bronchiectases were the second most common lung lesions: discrete dilatation of bronchi was observed in 87% of cases; the localization, pattern and extent of bronchiectasis were accurately detected by HRCT. Pleural thickening and hilar adenopathy were frequently identified (in 64% and 82% of the patients, respectively). Bronchoceles were seen in 64% of the patients; atelectasis (33%) and subpleural bullous dystrophic emphysema (28%) were observed less frequently. On HRCT, the localization of the disease processes within the secondary pulmonary lobule was possible in all patients. In agreement with international literature, the identification of these lesions confirms HRCT as the more sensitive technique for early visualization and location of the manifestations of CF bronchopathy. A larger range of experience coming from a systematic use of HRCT in chronic inflammatory lung diseases would increase our knowledge of pathogenetic processes and allow improvement of therapeutic perspectives.
Eur J Radiol 1992 Sep
PMID:High-resolution computed tomography in cystic fibrosis. 142 47

Alveolar hypoventilation due to the chronic obstruction of the airway such as pulmonary emphysema, or severe restrictive dysfunction due to sequela of pulmonary tuberculosis causes chronic hypercapnia (chronic respiratory acidosis). Ninety-five percentile of significance band of chronic and acute hypercapnia of both experimental and clinical setting is introduced in the graphic display of the acid-base balance. On acute exacerbation of these disorders, examination of arterial blood gas in series are usually plotted along the significance band of hypercapnia. With clinical improvement, the plot will gradually drop down to the chronic stable area of the band. Although cases with metabolic disorders complicate the interpretation, evaluation of the acid-base status using the graphic display will be of help at bedside assessment.
Nihon Rinsho 1992 Sep
PMID:[Graphic evaluation of the significance band for hypercapnia in pulmonary disorders]. 143 7

Turner's Syndrome was first described in 1938 by Henry Turner and has an incidence of 1:3000 live female births. The authors present an unusual case of a 48-year-old woman with late diagnosed Turner's Syndrome. Whose karyotype was (46,X,i(Xq)), associated with a pulmonary emphysema and pulmonary hypertension. The case and the methods of study are presented. Some aspects of this case, namely the hypothesis of an association between the pulmonary emphysema and Turner's Syndrome are discussed.
Acta Med Port 1992 Sep
PMID:[Pulmonary emphysema in a patient with Turner's syndrome]. 144 97

Preexisting lung disease was examined as a risk factor for lung cancer in a population-based, case-control study of nonsmoking women in Missouri conducted between June 1, 1986, and April 1, 1991. A history of lung disease was reported by approximately 41% of 618 cases and 35% of 1,402 controls (odds ratio (OR) = 1.2; 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.0-1.5. The risk was more pronounced when next-of-kin interviews were excluded (OR = 1.5). Previous lung disease was significantly related both to adenocarcinoma (OR = 1.4), which accounted for 62% of the cancers, and to all other cell types of lung cancer combined (OR = 1.8). Despite having discontinued smoking for more than 15 years, long-term ex-smokers were at a 2.2-fold risk of lung cancer compared with lifetime nonsmokers. Among lifetime nonsmokers, significant risks were noted for asthma (OR = 2.7) and pneumonia (OR = 1.5). Emphysema (OR = 2.6) and tuberculosis (OR = 2.0) were also significantly related to lung cancer, but only among former smokers. Chronic bronchitis was linked to elevated risks of nonadenocarcinomas only (OR = 2.3). Pleurisy was not reported more frequently by cases than by controls. Approximately 16% of all lung cancers among nonsmoking women could be attributed to previous lung diseases, most notably asthma, pneumonia, emphysema, and tuberculosis.
Am J Epidemiol 1992 Sep 15
PMID:Preexisting lung disease and lung cancer among nonsmoking women. 144 29

Although the evidence for oxidative stress for air pollution in the human lung is fragmentary, the hypothesis that oxidative stress is an important, if not the sole, mechanism of toxicity of oxidizing air pollutants and tobacco smoke is compelling and growing. First, biochemical mechanisms have been worked out for oxidation of lung lipids by the gas phase of cigarette smoke, NO2 and O3. The oxidation of lung lipids can be prevented by both vitamins C and E. Vitamin C is more effective in preventing oxidation by NO2, and vitamin E is more effective against O3. Second, multiple species of experimental animals develop lung disease similar to human bronchitis and emphysema from exposure to NO2 and O3, respectively. The development of these diseases occurs over a near lifetime exposure when the levels of NO2 or O3 are at near ambient air pollution values. Third, isolated human cells are protected against oxidative damage from NO2 and O3 by both vitamins C and E. Fourth, the vitamin C level in the lung either declines on exposure to NO2 for short-term exposures or increases on chronic cigarette smoke exposure. The effects of cigarette smoking on serum vitamin C is apparently complex and may be related to the daily intake of vitamin C as well as smoking. Serum vitamin C levels may be poor indicators of lung demands when daily vitamin C intakes are above 100 mg/day. Fifth, vitamin C supplementation protects against the effects of ambient levels of air pollution in adults as measured by histamine challenge. An augmented response to histamine challenge may represent increased lung permeability brought about by air pollution. In experimental animal and human experiments, the amount of vitamin C or E that afforded protection was in excess of the current recommended dietary allowance. Although animal studies do not provide evidence for complete protection against NO2 or O3, they do illustrate that current recommended daily allowances are inadequate for maximum protection against air pollution levels to which over 100 million Americans are exposed. The problem of air pollution and its effects on humans is truly of global concern. Air pollution is not restricted to North America or Japan where it was first recognized, but is a major public health problem in Europe as well. When data are available, air pollution probably will be shown to be a major public health problem in all urban areas of the world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992 Sep 30
PMID:Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of lung disease. 144 20

Resting energy expenditure (REE) was assessed and its relationship to nutritional status, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle function was studied in 25 patients with pulmonary emphysema. The mean value of REE was 1413 +/- 251 Cal and the ratio of REE/REEpred was 1.398 +/- 0.23, suggesting the existence of a hypermetabolic state in these patients. REE/REEpred ratio was inversely correlated with plasma amino acid BCAA/AAA ratio and body muscle mass; and PImax. REE was inversely correlated with FEV1.0%. REE in the patient subgroup with severe hyperinflation (%RV > or = 200) was significantly higher than that in the subgroup with moderate hyperinflation. Malnourished patients showed significantly more severe hyperinflation than well-nourished patients. These findings suggest that augmented REE contributes to malnutrition in patients with emphysema, and that the increase in REE was related to the increase in mechanical work load on the basis of airway obstruction, respiratory muscle weakness and hyperinflation.
Nihon Kyobu Shikkan Gakkai Zasshi 1992 Sep
PMID:[Relation of airway obstruction and respiratory muscle weakness to energy metabolism in pulmonary emphysema]. 144 42


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