Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Toxicosis was induced in pregnant Holstein-Friesian heifers by giving polybrominated biphenyls a in gelatin capsules at the rate of 25 g/day. Initially, this dosage was approximately 67 mg/kg of body weight. Clinical signs were anorexia, excessive lacrimation and salivation, diarrhea, emaciation, dehydration, depression, and abortion. Fever was not evident during the experiment. Values for serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and bilirubin were increased. Changes in packed cell volume, hemoglobin content, total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and differential leukocyte counts were minimal and reflected dehydration and secondary infection. The principal urine changes were decreased specific gravity and moderate proteinuria. Gross necropsy findings included dehydration; subcutaneous emphysema and hemorrhage; atrophy of the thymus; fetal death with concomitant necrosis of cotyledons; kidneys that were enlarged, pale tan to gray; thickened wall of the gallbladder; inspissated bile; edema of abomasal folds; mucoid enteritis; linear hemorrhage and edema of the rectal mucosa; and secondary pneumonia. Microscopic changes were most marked in the kidneys, gallbladder, and eyelid. In the kidney, the principal changes were extreme dilatation of collecting ducts and convoluted tubules, with epithelial degenerative changes of cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, and separation from the basement membrane. Common changes in the gallbladder were moderate to marked hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of the mucous glands in the lamina propria. The changes in the eyelids were characterized by hyperkeratosis, with accumulations of keratin in hair follicles of the epidermis and squamous metaplasia with keratin cysts in the tarsal glands. Clinical signs and lesions of toxicosis did not develop in heifers given the polybrominated biphenyls at the rate of 0.25 mg and 250 mg/day for 60 days. Initially these rates were approximately 0.00065 mg/kg and 0.65 mg/kg of body weight, respectively.
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PMID:Pathology of experimentally induced polybrominated biphenyl toxicosis in pregnant heifers. 18 92

Complications of the initial 200 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) at the Cathay General Hospital within a period of 11 months were reviewed from video documents of the operations and clinical records. The major complication rate was 3.5%, including one common bile duct (CBD) injury (0.5%), three retained CBD stones (1.5%), one subphrenic fluid accumulation (0.5%), one liver abscess (0.5%) and one cystic duct stump bile leakage (0.5%). All major complications were cholecystectomy-related, and only one of the seven occurred in cases of acute cholecystitis. Age and sex were not related to its occurrence. The rate of minor complications ranged from 0.5% to 10%; they were: shoulder and back pain (10%), gall bladder perforation (10%), retained stones in the abdominal cavity (5%), transient nausea and diarrhea (5%), extension of umbilical port to a mini-laparotomy (3.5%), prolonged operation time > three hours (2%), subcutaneous emphysema (1.5%), wound infection (1.5%) and prolonged ileus (0.5%). The minor complications occurred largely in patients with acute cholecystitis. The complications occurred mostly during the early period of our study, indicating a learning period phenomenon. These could have been avoided if we had had a thorough knowledge of the potential complications and had strictly followed the principles of laparoscopic surgery. We conclude that LC is safe and the complication rate is not higher than that for open cholecystectomy. Most of the complications are preventable if LC is performed by qualified biliary surgeons following strict precautions.
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PMID:Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an analysis of 200 cases. 136 18

Twelve Nubian goats were given single or repeated oral dosages of mercuric chloride at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg and died or were killed in extremis at various times after dosing (18 hours-18 days). The main signs of poisoning were anorexia, frothing at the mouth, respiratory distress, epistaxis, bloat, diarrhoea, abnormal posture and recumbency. An increase in the activity of GOT and in the concentrations of urea and inorganic phosphate and a decrease in total protein and calcium concentrations in the serum were detected. The main lesions were dilatation and necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, shrinkage and disappearance of the glomerular tufts, varying amounts of acidophilic homogenous material in the lumens of the affected tubules of the kidney, enteritis, hepatocellular degeneration and/or necrosis and pulmonary congestion, haemorrhage, oedema and emphysema. The changes in the red blood cells indicated anaemia.
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PMID:Susceptibility of Nubian goats to mercury poisoning in the Sudan. 181 53

The efficacy and safety of almitrine bismesylate, a new respiratory stimulant, in patients with the hypoxaemic form of chronic respiratory insufficiency caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema has been assessed. The multicentre trial of 12 weeks duration was double-blind and placebo controlled, with individual and group comparisons. Twenty three patients received almitrine 50 mg b.d. p.o. and 17 took placebo. In the almitrine group a significant increase in PaO2 was achieved (control value 54.4 mm Hg, rising to 59.1 mm Hg after 6 weeks, and to 59.4 mm Hg after 12 weeks). There was also a significant decrease in PaCO2 in the almitrine group after 12 weeks. No correlation was found between the plasma almitrine concentration, PaO2 and PaCO2. Lung function (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, Raw, TLC, RV, FRC) did not change in either group, but the degree of dyspnoea and performance in the 6 min walking test were significantly improved in the almitrine group. Adverse reactions appeared in 6 out of 23 patients on almitrine bismesylate (headache, urticaria, breathlessness, diarrhoea, chest pain, nausea and vomiting), causing drop out of 4 patients. Thus, almitrine bismesylate can be considered useful in the treatment of patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency.
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PMID:Double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial of almitrine bismesylate in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. 218

Clinical evaluation, safety and kinetics in serum of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections have been studied in a multicenter trial participated by 28 institutions in Kyushu area during a period of 13 months from March 1987 to March 1988. 1. Mean peak serum levels of SBT and CPZ in 35 patients up to 4 hours after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were 38.2 +/- 17.3 micrograms/ml for SBT and 104.3 +/- 31.4 micrograms/ml for CPZ. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ were 0.76 hour and 1.53 hours, respectively. These results were in similar ranges to those reported elsewhere for SBT/CPZ. 2. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were not significantly prolonged in patients with moderate liver or kidney dysfunctions. 3. Clinical efficacy rates of SBT/CPZ in 217 patients were 93.1% (81/87) for pneumonia, 93.3% (14/15) for lung abscess, 78.9% (15/19) for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 57.1% (4/7) for diffuse panbronchiolitis, 72.4% (21/29), 74.4% (32/43) and 100% (9/9) for infections concurrent to bronchiectasis, chronic respiratory disease and pulmonary emphysema, respectively. Those were 50% (1/2) for bronchitis associated with lung cancer and 66.7% (4/6) for empyema. The overall efficacy rate was 83.4% (181/217). 4. Clinical efficacy rate of SBT/CPZ for pneumonia in patients with underlying diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumoconiosis, etc, was 85.3% (29/34) and was not significantly different from the efficacy rate of 98.1% (52/53) in patients without these underlying diseases. 5. Of 30 patients who failed to respond of previous antibiotic treatments, 21 were effectively treated by SBT/CPZ. 6. Bacteriological eradication rates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were 42.9% (9/21), 87.5% (14/16) and 100% (5/5), respectively. The overall eradication rate in all cases including polymicrobial infections was 72.8% (67/92). 7. The high levels of peak serum concentration of CPZ, and the difference between serum levels of SBT and of CPZ seemed to contribute to the high clinical efficacy. 8. Adverse reactions occurred in 2.8% (6/217) of the patients, and consisted primarily of rash and diarrhea. Laboratory abnormalities were observed in 8 patients during the study. These were elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT, and eosinophilia. 9. SBT/CPZ is a very useful drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections as it has become available just in time when increase in resistant organisms to beta-lactams is notable.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of sulbactam/cefoperazone in lower respiratory tract infections]. 219 54

Eight Nubian goats were given Abrus precatorius seed at 2, 1 and 0.5 g/kg/day by stomach tube. Six goats receiving the plant seed at 2 and 1 g/kg died between days 2 and 5. One goat receiving Abrus seed at 0.5 g/kg/day died on day 32 and the other animal in the group was killed on day 33. The main signs of Abrus poisoning were inappetence, bloody diarrhea, dyspnea, dehydration, loss of condition and recumbency. The lesions were fatty change and necrosis of hepatocytes and renal convoluted tubules, pulmonary hemorrhage, edema and emphysema, and erosions of the abomasal and intestinal epithelium. These changes were accompanied by increases in GOT and gamma GT activities and urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium and by decreases in total protein and albumin in the serum of Abrus-poisoned goats. The blood cell changes indicated hemoconcentration.
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PMID:Toxicity of Abrus precatorius in Nubian goats. 226 60

Paraquat, a useful contact herbicide is now used in over 130 countries of the world, including Sri Lanka. The number of cases of accidental poisoning reported with paraquat is small, relative to instances of suicide. When a clear history is not available, accidental paraquat poisoning is sometimes difficult to diagnose. A 9-year-old boy was admitted to a peripheral hospital with a history of diarrhoea and vomiting. He later developed abdominal pain, subcutaneous emphysema and difficulty in breathing. Following transfer to a district hospital and then to a teaching hospital, poisoning with paraquat was suspected only on day 11 of the illness. On persistent questioning, on day 13 of the illness the child remembered that the day prior to the onset of illness, on his way from a shop, he felt thirsty and having found an empty bottle of Gramoxone (paraquat) on the wayside he used it to drink water from a water tank. The child died on day 17 and the histology of the lung showed typical changes of paraquat poisoning. This tragic episode emphasises the need for proper disposal of empty containers of all poisonous substances.
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PMID:An unusual case of fatal accidental paraquat poisoning. 230 5

1. Laennec's lung disease lasted for at least 20 years. Its stigmata included chronic cough, sputum production and intermittent wheeze. 2. Laennec had long term stigmata commonly associated with chronic bronchiectasis, sinusitis, physical frailty, and short stature (5ft 2in). 3. Chronic diarrhoea of at least 20 years duration is not strongly associated with tuberculosis. 4. During Laennec's last illness his physicians equivocated as to whether he had respiratory disease at all. Bronchial breathing at the apex, if indeed present, could have been caused by compensatory emphysema secondary to middle lobe bronchiectasis rather than to active tuberculosis. 5. Laennec did not have haemoptysis in his final illness. 6. Laennec's last illness, a wasting illness characterised by intermittent fevers, cardiac murmur, and persistent tachycardia followed a dental manipulation. The painful "abdominal abscess" noted by Laennec's colleagues may actually have been splenomegaly. These features suggest endocarditis. The cardiac murmurs associated with pulmonary hypertension secondary to bronchiectasis are not usually audible at a remote distance from the patient. Endocarditis was a disease largely unknown to physicians of the early 19th century before Osler clarified its pathology in the 1880s.
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PMID:Rene Laennec: his brilliant life and tragic early death. 266 72

Two characteristics, volatility and biotransformation, make mercury somewhat unique as environmental toxicant, and make mercury poisoning as one of occupational diseases in the industry. Acute mercury vapor poisoning is a rare event. It often occurs during industrial accident or ignorant experiment. We report a case, a 28-year-old male waterworks technician, who developed dyspnea, cough, chest pain, metallic taste and ache in the whole body three hours after heating approximately 30 ml of liquid mercury during an experiment. Diarrhea with tarry stool occurred the next day. Chest roentgenogram revealed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates similar to pulmonary edema in both lungs, and was complicated by pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema later. The concentration of mercury in the plasma was over the toxic level. The urinary excretion of mercury greatly exceeded normal value. During hospitalization, the patient's liver and renal function tests were both normal. He was treated with penicillamine, 300 mg every six hours orally for 10 days in addition to a support treatment and oxygen therapy. He was discharged on the 15th hospital day with partial resolution of pulmonary infiltrates and was free of symptom.
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PMID:[Acute pneumonitis caused by inhalation of mercury vapor--report of a case]. 276 70

Clinical evaluation and kinetics in serum of cefoperazone (CPZ) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections have been conducted as a multicenter trial participated by 20 institutions in Kyushu area during a period of 8 months from October 1984 to May 1985. Mean serum CPZ levels up to 4 hours following the end of intravenous infusion of either 1 or 2 g CPZ remained higher than the MIC80 of CPZ against major causative organisms of lower respiratory tract infections such as H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and S. pneumoniae. Serum half-lives of CPZ following intravenous infusion were prolonged in the elderly and in patients who showed moderate liver or kidney dysfunction, but did not exceed twofold of normal value. Clinical efficacy rates of CPZ were 82.9% (34/41) against pneumonia, 80% (4/5) against lung abscess, 88.9% (32/36) against acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 66.7% (2/3) against panbronchiolitis, 100% (1/1) against acute bronchitis, and 85.7% (12/14), 64.3% (9/14) and 70.0% (7/10) against infections concurrent to chronic respiratory diseases, pulmonary emphysema and bronchiectasis, respectively. The overall efficacy rate was 81.5% (101/124). Bacteriological eradication rates against P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae were 60% (6/10), 88.9% (8/9) and 100% (3/3), respectively. The overall eradication rate including polymicrobial infection was 67.5% (27/40). The clinical efficacy rate of CPZ in patients with underlying diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, and pneumoconiosis, etc. was not significantly different from the efficacy rate in patients without these underlying diseases. Of 20 patients who failed to respond to previous antibiotic treatments, 13 were effectively treated by CPZ. Adverse reactions occurred in 6.7% (11/164) of the patients, and consisted primarily of rash, fever, diarrhea and loose stool. Laboratory abnormalities were seen in 5 patients during the study. These included elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT, eosinophilia and neutropenia. CPZ is a very useful drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections because of its excellent clinical efficacy and rare incidence of abnormal accumulations in sera following the recommended 2-4 g/day administration even in the elderly.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of cefoperazone in lower respiratory tract infections]. 354 33


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