Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Congenital lobar emphysema is mainly seen in new-born and young babies. In the first hours or days, symptoms appear such as dyspnea, cyanosis, tachypnea, wheezing, thoracic and epigastric retractions. Later symptoms are faintness, psychomotoric retardation and malformation of the thorax. Etiology and pathogenesis of this emphysema of individual parts of the lung are unclear. The course is paroxysmatic, persistent or chronic. Preferred therapy of choice is the resection of the parts concerned. After operation the prognosis is good.
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PMID:[Congenital lobar emphysema]. 722 6

Six healthy children, 5 boys and 1 girl aged from 13 months to 4 years had a severe measles bronchopneumonia. The end result is established chronic airflow obstruction. On a background of fairly severe respiratory failure there were paroxysms of breathlessness with fever, wheezes and cyanosis which were little affected by bronchodilators or steroids. The anatomical basis of this syndrome is before all else a bronchiolar obstruction, shown at autopsy in a child dying after four months of the illness. But also there is a disorder of the large bronchi with bronchiectasis and problems with ventilation centrally and/or peripherally. The major radiological signs are airways distension which is always clearly in keeping with emphysema and a thickening of the peri-bronchial walls which are clearly visible on tomography. Thus it appears that measles, as with other respiratory viruses, can lead to permanent sequelae in very young children. It is however possible that the respiratory sequelae may be due to associated viral infections, with adenovirus in particular. On the practical level, the occurrence of an early and severe measles pneumonia in a young child and its persistence with a hypoxia and a lowering of dynamic compliance requires a prolonged follow up and a guarded prognosis. Unfortunately the treatment of this type of chronic airflow obstruction is only symptomatic.
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PMID:[Respiratory sequelae of severe measles (author's transl)]. 733 Apr 29

One hundred thirty patients with Siberian silicosis occurring under exposure to large amounts of dust at labor in a siberian mine were analyzed for 67 clinical and 122 laboratory data. Eighty-eight of 130 patients are now alive, but 42 have already died. When they started work, 122 of the patients were under thirty years of age. The duration of work was 7 to 12 months for 17 patients, 13 to 18 for 43, and 19 to 24 for 40. Seventy-six of 99 patients were initially diagnosed with lung tuberculosis and 23 with silicosis. Almost all patients have complained of respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, sputum, and cyanosis. All of the pulmonary function tests including %VC, FEV1.0/FVC, V25/height, RV, TLC, and DLco showed abnormal values. The chest roentogenograms showed 3 of type 1, 22 of type 2, 55 of type 3, and 124 of type 4. Of 124 type-4, large opacities, 84 were type A, 28 B, and 12 C. Of 416 small opacities, 144 were type P, 191 Q, and 81 R. The complications and secondary changes that appeared with progression of the disease were lung emphysema, hilar and mediastinal lymphnode enlargement, egg shell calcification in lymphnode, and bulla or bleb.
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PMID:[Clinical analysis of 130 cases of Siberian silicosis]. 773 65

1. Endosulfan insecticide is a polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects; it is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish and can cause massive mortalities. In fish, it causes marked changes in Na and K concentrations, decrease in blood Ca(2+) and Mg levels and inhibits Na, K and Mg-dependent ATPase (in brain). 2. Bioaccumulation of endosulfan is reported for marine animals; however, freshwater animals (e.g., crayfish) accumulate it to some extent, but they lose the compound rapidly during depuration. Endosulfan is generally less toxic to aquatic invertebrates than fish. However, it causes decreases in adenylate energy charge, oxygen consumption, hemolymph amino acids, succinate dehydrogenase, heart-beat (mussel) and altered osmoregulation. 3. Generally, mammals are less susceptible to endosulfan's toxicity than aquatic animals. The majority of studies conducted on laboratory mammals can be summarized. (a) Neurotoxicity: male rats are more sensitive than females to endosulfan, which decreases brain and plasma acetylcholinesterase activity. Endosulfan I (a metabolite) causes a significant change in norepinephrine, 5-HT and GABA. (b) Renal toxicity: inhibition of MFOs activity was noticed in rats; other effects included changes in proximal convoluted tubules and necrosis of the tubular epithelium. (c) Hepatotoxicity: chemically-induced aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydrolase were found in rat liver, and reduction in the glycogen level occurred. (d) Hematologic toxicity: endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the level occurred. (d) Hematologic toxicity: endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the erythrocyte glutathione reductase, hemoglobin amount, RBC number and mean corpuscular volume. 4. Respiratory toxicity: involved dyspnea, acute emphysema, cyanosis and hemorrhages in teh interalveolar portions of rat's lungs. 5. Biochemical: in rats, endosulfan caused increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, blood glucose level, phospholipid contents of the microsomal and surfactant system, and profoundly induced the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase and cytosolic glutathione S-transferases. It also decreased significantly Na+, K+ and Mg(2+) ATPases, plasma calcium level and alkaline phosphatase in the intestinal epithelium. 6. Immunologic toxicity: rat serum antibody titer to tetanus toxin, IgG, IgM and gammaglobulins were significantly reduced. 7. Reproductive toxicity: degenerative changes in the seminiferous epithelium, induction of the rate-limiting enzyme in testosterone production (3beta-hydroxysteroid transferase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid transferase), histological changes in reproductive organs, testicular atrophy and the occurrence of ovarian cysts were noticed in rat. Reduction in the weight of secondary sex organ was also observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Bioaccumulative potential and toxicity of endosulfan insecticide to non-target animals. 790 Sep 59

One infant, age 19 days, with congenital lobar emphysema whose main symptoms included dyspnea, cyanosis and severe infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, was presented in this paper. The most reliable diagnostic tool was chest x-ray films with anteroposterior and lateral views. As additional diagnostic method, thorax computerized tomography was also used. The affected lobe was the left upper lobe. Resection of the affected lobe was performed with good results.
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PMID:Congenital lobar emphysema. A case report. 792 54

We present our experience of 38 patients suffering from congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) treated in the Department of Pediatric Surgery in our hospital between 1966-1991. 22 of these patients had to undergo surgical correction due to the severity of their respiratory symptoms. The other 16 presented mild respiratory symptoms: 8 of them received conservative treatment and the remainin 8 had to be operated on due to broncial compression caused by the vascular malformation. In most cases the main symptoms were dyspnea and cyanosis, which indicate the severity of the process. 20 cases presented during the patient's first month of life, 10 within the first 6 months and the remaining 8 between the first 6 months and 5 years. The different aetiologics forms in our study are analysed and compared with those described in the literature. The main diagnostic tested and revied, specially radiology tested led to a correct differential diagnosis and subsequently to an adequate therapeutic treatment. It is possible to carry out other tests since they do not actually help diagnosis, we have considered them unnecessary. All the surgical operations used are analysed as well as the complications observed. The clinical course of the patients has proved to be particularly good, since there was no mortality and the morbility rate was low.
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PMID:[Congenital lobar emphysema: report of 38 cases]. 808 99

A 46-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital for a severe asthma attack. On admission, systemic cyanosis was observed, and her consciousness state was drowsy. Arterial blood gas showed severe respiratory acidosis, hypoxia, and hypercapnea, with pH, PaO2, and PaCO2 of 7.163, 29.9 torr and 81.3 torr, respectively. Immediately, mechanical ventilation was commerced but on the third hospital day pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema appeared, and on the sixth day pneumoperitoneum also appeared. The chest CT scan on the sixth day showed free air around bilateral internal mammary vessels. This indicated that air moved from the mediastinum into the peritoneal cavity through an anterior route, via the sternocostal triangle formed by the xiphoid origins of the diaphragm medially and the costal origins laterally.
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PMID:[A case of status asthmaticus complicated by with pneumoperitoneum during mechanical ventilation therapy]. 834 12

Fifty eight admissions for 52 adult asthmatics who required intubation were reviewed for the years of 1988-1995 to examine factors related to specific clinical patterns and profile the course of these patients. Of the 56 admissions where patients were intubated for respiratory failure and/or cyanosis, 5 were associated with significant complications of mechanical ventilation/intubation (pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, aspiration pneumonia, and laryngeal edema) and there were no fatalities. Patients > or = 35 years of age had significantly more profound respiratory acidosis in initial arterial blood gases (pH = 7.14 versus 7.23, p = 0.03). In contrast, patients with a history of drug abuse or psychiatric disorders had lower mean pCO2 (p < = 0.01). The overall mean length of intubation was 17.6 hours, while the overall mean hospital stay was 6.6 days. Longer intubation times were associated with the occurrence of major complications, female gender, and hospital administration of ipratropium. Hospital stay was correlated with length of intubation, later month of admission, and earlier year of admission. Common precipitating factors noted for first admissions were upper respiratory infections (61%), followed by allergy or smoke exposure (13%), compliance related problems (12%), and drug abuse/inhalation (6%). Inhaled anti-inflammatory drugs, oral steroids or either were taken at the time of admission by 35%, 35% and 65% of the patients, respectively. There was an even distribution of patients with respect to medical insurance coverage type, admissions per season or year, ethnicity, marital status, and gender. We conclude that severe asthma resulting in respiratory failure is common despite the frequent use of anti-inflammatory asthma medications. Mechanical ventilatory support can be administered safely in the majority of these patients and should be considered early in acute asthma.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of adult asthmatics requiring intubation. 872 3

Over a 20-year period, thirty-two children with infantile (congenital) lobar emphysema (ILE) are subjected to treatment in the department of pediatric chest surgery--Emergency Medicine Institute "N. I. Pirogov". The age distribution of the patients is as follows: neonates--7 (21.8 per cent), sucklings--17 (53.8 per cent), 1 y.--5 (15.6 per cent), 2 y.--2 (6.2 per cent), 12 y.--1 (3.1 per cent). In seventeen children (53.3 per cent) the lobar emphysema is located in the left upper lobe. The onset of the clinical picture is in the neonatal period (17 cases, 53.3 per cent) and in the suckling age (13 cases, 40.6 per cent), and becomes manifest with: dyspnea--16 children (50.0 per cent), tachypnea--26 (81.2 per cent) and cyanosis--18 (56.2 per cent). Twenty-seven children are admitted with varying degree respiratory insufficiency (84.4 per cent). Diagnosis is made on the ground of conventional roentgen examinations mainly. Stenosis of the respective lobar bronchus is discovered in 8 children by CAT and bronchoscopy. Scarce vascular pattern is established angiopulmographically in 87.5 per cent of children, and fan-like displacement of the vessels-in 75.0 per cent. All children undergo operation--removal of the emphysematous lobe. Morphological study of the resected lung shows cartilage deficit in the bronchial wall in 14 children (34.5 per cent), bronchial stenosis in 26.2 per cent whereas in 43.8 per cent the underlying cause of ILE is unclear. In 4 children (12.5 per cent) the outcome is lethal because of inflammatory pulmonary process in the postoperative period.
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PMID:[Congenital lobar emphysema in childhood]. 901 75

Tracheobronchial ruptures are rare but potentially lifethreatening events. We report on the case of a 34-year-old suicidal unrestrained car driver, who developed subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema and right-sided haematothorax following blunt thoracic trauma. Fibreoptical inspection of the tracheobronchial system revealed a rupture (approximately 2 cm in length) of the pars membranacea of the trachea ending shortly above the carina. CT-scan confirmed the diagnosis of mediastinal emphysema, tracheal rupture and, in addition, left-sided pulmonary contusion. A repair of the tracheal tear was performed by right-sided thoracotomy using a double-lumen tube. The left-sided double-lumen tube was used postoperatively to achieve respirator ventilation with low pressure on the tracheal lumen and on the suture of the tracheal tear. On the other hand, sufficient airway pressure with PEEP for the left lung showing contusion could be provided, using the endobronchial tube. The postperative course was without complications. The patient was on respiratory support for three days due to his-pulmonary contusion. Following final endoscopic control of the trachea he was discharged from the ICU one week after the trauma. The clinical and radiological signs of tracheobronchial ruptures are discussed (respiratory distress, haemoptysis, cyanosis, localised pain, hoarseness, coughing, dysphagia, stridor, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, mediastinal emphysema). Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is the present gold standard for confirming the diagnosis. The surgical and anaesthesiological approach to the management of tracheobronchial ruptures is described reviewing the current literature.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and therapy of tracheal rupture after blunt thoracic trauma]. 928 31


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