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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Broken wind is a syndrome characterised by chronic bronchitis and alveolar emphysema. Clinical signs include nasal catarrh, persistent coughing, dyspnoea and poor exercise tolerance. In racehorses, lung haemorrhages may result in epistaxis. Broken wind is a disease of domestication ascribed to pollution of the stable air with fungal spores from hay and straw. Treatment and prevention are based on the provision of fresh air and, if housing is unavoidable, the adoption of a permanent regime of dust-free stable management. If an early diagnosis is made and appropriate treatment instituted, the prognosis is considered to be reasonably good. The disease exemplifies the validity of the Royal Veterinary College motto Venienti occurrite morbo (treat the disease at its first appearance).
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PMID:Chronic bronchitis and alveolar emphysema in the horse. 99 95

Foreign bodies aspirated into respiratory tract may produce severe lung damage and threaten life. We have analysed retrospectively symptoms, physical findings, chest roentgenograms and bronchoscopy reports in 20 children with foreign body aspiration. Boys dominated in this group. Foreign body aspiration often accompanied by coughing, wheezing and vomiting. In chest X-ray examination it was revealed unilateral body trapping and obstructive emphysema. Foreign body aspiration should be considered in children with prolonged respiratory tract problems even when no adequate history is present and with negative chest roentgenograms.
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PMID:[Foreign bodies in respiratory tracts of children treated at the Institute of Pediatrics in Krakow during the years 1987-1991]. 134 57

Cigarette smoking can be viewed as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways. Two of the major lung injuries that can result are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by chronic mucus hypersecretion and cough; emphysema is a destructive process of the alveolar spaces. Tissue injury may result from the actions of degradative enzymes derived from such inflammatory cells as neutrophils and monocytes. In addition, oxidative injury from inflammatory cells and from oxidants in smoke may participate in the pathogenesis of these smoking-related illnesses.
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PMID:Mechanisms of respiratory tissue injury from cigarette smoking. 149 99

Bronchial cartilage dysplasia is believed to have caused lobar bullous emphysema in a 5-month-old Chow Chow that had exercise intolerance, progressive dyspnea, and episodic cough. Radiography of the thorax revealed hyperlucency of the left hemithorax, displacement of the mediastinum and heart to the right, and flattening of the diaphragm. The pup died shortly after the radiographs were obtained. Necropsy revealed massive hyperinflation with 180 degrees torsion of the cranial portion of the left cranial lung lobe, and hyperinflation with less than 180 degrees torsion of the right accessory lung lobe. Histologic examination of the affected lung lobes revealed a lack of bronchial cartilage, loss and displacement of alveolar walls, and bulla formation that resembled congenital (infantile) lobar emphysema of human beings. In this pup, lung lobe torsions may have been predisposed by bronchial cartilage dysplasia.
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PMID:Bronchial cartilage dysplasia with multifocal lobar bullous emphysema and lung torsions in a pup. 151 37

High-resolution CT (HRCT) scans were performed on 156 patients, using a bone-reconstruction algorithm, 1.5 collimation at 4 cm intervals from apex to base of the lungs and a 512 x 512 matrix. The patients appeared to have a pathologic condition on chest film, or else they presented positive clinical symptoms--i.e., cough, dyspnea, fever--and questionable/negative chest films. Since HRCT is capable of showing the secondary lobule, we employed it to study both its anatomy and the alterations that can modify its normal morphology--i.e., thickening of interlobular septa, reticular pattern, nodular pattern, high-density areas, sub-pleural lines, honeycomb pattern. HRCT findings in secondary lobules, airways, and pleura were examined. They were: lymphangitic spread of carcinoma, pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, interstitial edema, phlogosis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, and bullae. Even though some limitations still exist due to the aspecificity of HRCT findings, the latter is the best method currently available to recognize and locate interstitial conditions and, sometimes, to make a diagnosis--e.g., of lymphangitic spread of carcinoma, interstitial edema, fibrosis, emphysema, bronchiectasis. Moreover, HRCT can accurately locate pathologic areas for lung biopsy and can be used instead of chest radiographs in the follow-up.
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PMID:[High-definition computed tomography in the study of the pulmonary parenchyma. The author's own experience]. 155 47

Oxygen therapy through a transtracheal catheter has been used increasingly for the long-term delivery of continuous oxygen. Compared to nasal cannula it results in significant reduction in oxygen flow requirements. This form of therapy has gained patient acceptance because of several advantages including improved convenience, aesthetics, compliance, and mobility. Reported complications generally have been minor, including subcutaneous emphysema, cough, "mucous ball" formation and mild hemoptysis. In this report, we describe a case of granulation tissue formation at the transtracheal catheter puncture site which was treated with Nd:YAG laser bronchoscopy to reestablish patency of the upper airway. No recurrence was noted after two years of follow-up.
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PMID:Laser resection of granulation tissue secondary to transtracheal oxygen catheter. 172 84

Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is a congenital abnormality of the trachea and main bronchi characterized by atrophy or absence of elastic fibers and thinning of muscle, which allows the trachea and main bronchi to become flaccid and markedly dilated on inspiration with narrowing or collapse on expiration or cough. The abnormal airway dynamics and pooling of secretions in broad outpouchings of redundant musculomembranous tissue between the cartilaginous rings predispose to the development of chronic pulmonary suppuration, bronchiectasis, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis. A broad spectrum of clinical abnormalities has been documented in Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, ranging from minimal disease with good preservation of pulmonary function to progressive disease leading to respiratory failure and death. In the appropriate clinical setting, Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is diagnosed in women from chest radiographs when the transverse and sagittal diameters of the trachea exceed 21 mm and 23 mm, respectively, and when the transverse diameters of the right and left main bronchi exceed 19.8 mm and 17.4 mm, respectively. In men it is diagnosed when the transverse and sagittal diameters of the trachea exceed 25 mm and 27 mm, respectively, and when the transverse diameters of the right and left main bronchi exceed 21.1 mm and 18.4 mm, respectively. The diagnosis can be confirmed easily by computed tomography.
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PMID:Congenital tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome): a report of 10 cases and review of the literature. 185 95

A retrospective review of 400 Chinese children who had inhaled foreign bodies was undertaken. There has been a yearly increase in the total number of cases of airway foreign bodies removed in our hospital. Fifty-eight percent of the children presenting were from the countryside; 42% were townspeople. Approximately 90% of the patients were under 3 years of age, with the peak incidence of foreign body inhalation occurring between 1 and 2 years of age (57.8%). The male-female ratio was about 1.2:1. About 95% of the removed foreign bodies were organic in origin. The majority of the foreign bodies were found most often in the right bronchial tree (46%). A positive history of foreign body inhalation was obtained in 98% of the cases. Twenty-eight percent of the children presented at the hospital within 24 hours, 71% within 1 week, and 29% more than 1 week after inhaling the foreign body. The most common presenting symptoms of laryngotracheal foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, dyspnea, and hoarseness; those of bronchial foreign bodies were cough, wheezing, decreased air entry, and rhonchi. More than two-thirds of the children with larygotracheal foreign bodies had normal x-ray findings. The most common fluoroscopic findings in those children with bronchial foreign bodies were mediastinal shift (36.8%), obstructive emphysema (35.7%), and normal findings (35%). A total of 348 (87%) bronchial foreign bodies were removed by rigid bronchoscopy (81%), rod-lens bronchoscopy (5%), and spontaneous expulsion (1%); 52 (13%) laryngeal and tracheal foreign bodies were removed by direct laryngoscopy (12%) and tracheotomy (1%). A single endoscopic procedure successfully removed 92.5% of 400 foreign bodies detected in the airways. One child died during bronchoscopy, for a mortality rate of 0.25%.
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PMID:Inhalation of foreign bodies in Chinese children: a review of 400 cases. 204 47

This is a three case study report of children with measles which later progressed to bronchopneumonia and subcutaneous emphysema. All three children were from farming families, and none had been previously vaccinate against measles. For a period of six months, 183 cases of measles were treated at our hospital of which only three worsened to subcutaneous emphysema, demonstrating an incidence rate of 1.6%; they also showed to have bronchopneumonia, with severe coughing episodes; which made us recall the possible physiopathology principle of the pressure gradient theory behind this complication proposed by Bloch in 1968. The factors related to our patients suggested a more severe and aggresive type of measles with a greater probability of having complications. The prognostic value of the severity of this type of measles in the presence of subcutaneous emphysema is limited and its management should be primarly focused on treating the added bronchial problem.
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PMID:[Measles and subcutaneous emphysema. Presentation of 3 cases]. 206 47

Information gathered in the Zutphen Study, the Dutch contribution to the Seven Countries Study that started in the 1960s, was used for the present study. In 1960 878 men participated in the physical examination and they were followed for 25 years until 1 July 1985. During this follow-up, their morbidity status was verified regularly. With this information the occurrence of chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD) at a specific time was coded by one physician, using strict criteria. The CNSLD diagnosis was based on the following criteria: episodes of respiratory symptoms such as regular cough and phlegm for longer than three months or episodes of wheezing and shortness of breath reported to the survey physician, or: diagnosis of CNSLD, including chronic bronchitis or emphysema by a clinical specialist. Occupation in 1960 was coded and used to generate specific occupational exposures with a Job Exposure Matrix. Because the exact time of diagnosis of CNSLD was known, incidence densities could be calculated. For 804 men a complete set of data was available. A Poisson regression analysis was used to analyse the relationships between the incidence density and independent variables like age, calendar period, occupation and specific occupational exposures. Blue collar workers had a significantly elevated incidence density ratio (IDR) compared to white collar workers (1.82, 95% confidence limits (CL): 1.35, 2.46). Subgroups of blue collar workers, wood and paper workers, textile workers, and tailors, construction workers and transport workers had significantly elevated IDRs also. Of the specific exposures heavy metals, mineral dust and adhesives had a significantly elevated IDR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Occupational exposure and 25-year incidence rate of non-specific lung disease: the Zutphen Study. 208 26


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