Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bronchial cartilage dysplasia is believed to have caused lobar bullous emphysema in a 5-month-old Chow Chow that had exercise intolerance, progressive dyspnea, and episodic cough. Radiography of the thorax revealed hyperlucency of the left hemithorax, displacement of the mediastinum and heart to the right, and flattening of the diaphragm. The pup died shortly after the radiographs were obtained. Necropsy revealed massive hyperinflation with 180 degrees torsion of the cranial portion of the left cranial lung lobe, and hyperinflation with less than 180 degrees torsion of the right accessory lung lobe. Histologic examination of the affected lung lobes revealed a lack of bronchial cartilage, loss and displacement of alveolar walls, and bulla formation that resembled congenital (infantile) lobar emphysema of human beings. In this pup, lung lobe torsions may have been predisposed by bronchial cartilage dysplasia.
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PMID:Bronchial cartilage dysplasia with multifocal lobar bullous emphysema and lung torsions in a pup. 151 37

Fifty six children with a birth weight of less than 1500 g and gestational age less than 34 weeks were studied at a mean age of 7.7 years. All had required mechanical ventilation, 36 suffered from hyaline membrane disease, 17 from atelectasis and three from pneumonia. Of these patients 37 developed broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The study included skin prick test, measurement of ciliary beat frequency, chest X-ray, whole-body plethysmography and histamine challenge. Eight patients suffered from recurrent pulmonary infections up to the age of 4 years. Eleven children had a positive skin prick test. Three suffered from allergic asthma and six from hay-fever. The family history of atopy in these premature infants was no different from that of the general population. Ciliary beat frequency was normal in all cases (frequency: 11.8 +/- 1.8 Hz). In 34 patients X-rays showed minimal changes (peribronchial thickening n = 6, mild emphysema n = 28). Pulmonary function was normal except for an increase of thoracic gas volume which was correlated to grade of BPD according to Northway. There was a significant correlation between oxygen-score and radiological stage of BPD (r = 0.7). Histamine challenge showed hyperresponsiveness in 53% of the children. Eight patients showed a threshold similar of mild asthma (less than 1000 micrograms histamine per ml). The degree of airway hyperreactivity was correlated to the grade of BPD (r = 0.7; p less than 0.01) and the oxygen-score (r = -0.63; p less than 0.05). The oxygen-score may be considered a predictor of hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary outcome in later childhood.
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PMID:[Pulmonary sequelae of long-term ventilation of very low birth weight premature infants. Results of a follow-up study of 6-to-9-year-old children]. 194 44

Wood dust is a well known nasal carcinogen in man, as formaldehyde is in rats. In certain occupational environments, combined exposure to wood dust and formaldehyde is common. Little is known about the effects of this combination. A pilot study was performed on four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats: one exposed to wood dust (25 mg/m3), another to formaldehyde (12.4 ppm) and a third to both wood dust and formaldehyde; the fourth group served a control group. After 104 weeks of exposure the nose and lungs were examined histologically. One well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was found in the formaldehyde group. Squamous cell metaplasia was found significantly more often among the formaldehyde-exposed rats. Squamous cell metaplasia with dysplasia was most frequently observed, however, in the group exposed to both formaldehyde and wood dust. There were also significantly more rats with pulmonary emphysema in the groups exposed to wood dust than in the other groups.
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PMID:Histological changes in the nasal mucosa in rats after long-term exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust. 281 42

The cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency has been exclusively reported with the PI Z allele. We present a 63-yr-old white man with emphysema, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The latter occurred on a background of diffusely distributed hepatocellular dysplasia. Serum protein electrophoresis suggested a deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin quantitated at 13% of normal. PI phenotyping showed that he had only the rare PI Mmalton allele, previously associated only with severe lung disease. Family studies demonstrated the distribution of this rare allele. The liver at autopsy displayed well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma in addition to alpha 1-antitrypsin deposits in normal, dysplastic, and malignant cells.
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PMID:Diffuse hepatocellular dysplasia and carcinoma associated with the Mmalton variant of alpha 1-antitrypsin. 303 14

The case of a 30th week preterm newborn infant, ventilated because of hyaline membrane disease and presenting with localized stenoses of the carina involving both main-stem bronchi is described. The diagnosis was made on bronchoscopy and bronchography after a period of recurrent atelectases and lobar emphysema. Due to severe broncho-pulmonary dysplasia, surgical reconstruction was impossible. A balloon dilatation was successfully performed while the infant was still ventilated. He died however at the age of 180 days.
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PMID:[Tracheobronchial stenosis of the premature infant. Treatment by balloon dilatation]. 321 50

2 of the 5 health warnings that must now appear on American cigarette packs and cigarette advertising refer to some of the increased hazards smoking entails for the woman and her unborn child. Yet, the myriad reproductive risks associated with smoking are little known or considered by the general public--or even by physicians--when compared with the dangers of lung cancer, heart attacks and emphysema. In an attempt to remedy that deficit, 8 government agencies sponsored the 1st International Conference on Smoking and Reproductive Health, held October 15-17, 1985 in San Francisco. Speaker after expert speaker connected smoking during pregnancy with increased risks of low birth weight, miscarriage, infant mortality and morbidity--including poorer health of surviving children up to at least age 3--ectopic pregnancy, infertility, menstrual disorders, early menopause, osteoporosis, cervical cancer and dysplasia, cardiovascular disease and placental abnormalities. Similarly, the conference participants documented the association of smoking among men with lower sperm count and increased prevalence of abnormal sperm. The following measures were urged at the closing statements of the conference: 1) an increased effort to inform doctors and health professionals of these findings; 2) increasing the tax on cigarettes, so that smokers would pay for their own health costs; 3) decreasing or eliminating government subsidies for growing tobacco, while helping growers make the transition to nontobacco crops; 4) making smoking cessation programs more widely available; 5) prohibiting the sale of cigarettes through vending machines; and 6) banning all smoking in the workplace.
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PMID:Smoking and reproduction. 353 34

Neonatal pulmonary diseases may require mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen therapy. These supportive measures can damage the immature lung or distort the normal maturation processes of the developing lung. The formation of hyaline membranes occurs acutely, often complicated by left-to-right cardiac shunts. Pulmonary edema occurs next, followed by interstitial fibrosis and finally by parenchymal emphysema. This process is termed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with this developmental pulmonary dysplasia, particularly during the first two years of life. A delay in normal growth and development is often present, acute episodes of pulmonary insufficiency are seen, and multiple episodes of pulmonary infection occur. Subsequently, the radiographic appearance and the clinical symptoms improve. Therapy is mainly supportive throughout the course of the disease and the bronchopulmonary dysplasia tends to resolve slowly. Residual pulmonary dysfunction is usually mild or absent.
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PMID:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 361 5

The iatrogenic pulmonary complications (interstitial emphysema, pneumothorax, atelectasis, broncho-pulmonary dysplasia) in 87 premature infants (less than 32 weeks gestational age, birth weight less than 1500 g) are analyzed. Also the predictive value of the radiologic pattern of the lung of the premature infant as seen at birth is evaluated (predictive value versus survival beyond the fifth day and versus the possible need of assisted ventilation).
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PMID:[The lung of the severely premature infant: radiologic aspects]. 639 32

Some premature and mature newborns who require intermittent positive airway pressure (IPPV) and high oxygen concentrations for respiratory distress syndrome develop characteristic damage of bronchi and bronchioles termed broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD). According to the radiographic findings the changes are categorized into four progressive stages. Stage 1 describes a radiographic feature with a pattern of fine, faint granularity as it is characteristic for the hyaline-membrane-syndrome. Stages 2 to 4 represent diffuse interstitial emphysema, a bubbly appearance of the lung, atelectasis and a progressive fibrosis. Electronmicroscopic investigations of bronchial imprints could demonstrate a rarefication of the cilia and a ciliary damage which took the form of compound cilia. In addition, a marked increase of goblet cells in the bronchial mucosa as well as a metaplasia of the epithelial cells was present. These findings may be a prerequisite for chronic infections, and perpetuate a cycle which may result in chronic obstructive airway disease. The significance of bronchial and bronchiolar injury in children with BPD is said to be due to IPPV, high inspiratory oxygen concentrations, high fluid intake, vitamin E deficiency or an increased intrapulmonary pressure secondary to a patent ductus arteriosus. When pulmonary mechanics were measured in a baby-body-plethysmograph a high pulmonary resistance and a low dynamic compliance occurred at the first investigation after IPPV or oxygen administration. On re-examination there was a strong tendency to normalisation of x-ray findings and pulmonary mechanics, depending upon the time which elapsed between ventilation and re-examination. Current therapy has to be symptomatic and may include secretolytics, glucocorticoids and bronchodilators. The preventive interventions have to take into consideration ventilation techniques, restrictions in O2 and fluid intake.
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PMID:[Pulmonary dysplasia in infancy. Pathogenesis, pneumologic course studies and therapy possibilities]. 647 97

Several studies have shown a carcinogenic effect of inhaled or injected cadmium in rats. This carcinogenity has not yet been confirmed in humans. We have performed a study with 48 Wistar male rats, to which we have administered either cadmium sulphide (0.2 mg/Kg/day) or the same doses of placebo for four or eight days. 24 hours after the last administration, the rats were euthanised and an autopsy was performed. The histologic changes in the lung of the cadmium-exposed group were diffuse areas of alveolar collapse due to narrowing of the bronchioles secondary to the alteration of the surrounding connective tissue, with compensating alveolar emphysema near these foci and also at the periphery of the lung. There was also an increased number of intra-alveolar macrophages. We also noticed small foci of dysplasia in the alveolar epithelium. Ultrastructural changes were inspecific but suggested a toxic effect of cadmium on the epithelium. These findings, absent in the control group, confirm that intrathoracic injection of cadmium is associated with an increased tendency to the development of pulmonary emphysema and with dysplastic changes in the alveolar epithelium (peribronchiolar alveolar dysplasia).
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PMID:Pulmonary toxicity of cadmium in rats: a histologic and ultrasound study. 878 Sep 37


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