Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A broad range of non-neoplastic pulmonary lesions is associated with cigarette smoking including airway diseases with airflow limitation, vascular alterations and interstitial lung diseases characterized by diffuse radiographic abnormalities and restricted lung volumes. This article focuses on the pathology of smoking-related emphysema, alterations of large airways, alterations of pulmonary vessels, respiratory bronchiolitis associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), and eosinophilic granuloma (EG).
 ...
PMID:The pathology of smoking-related lung diseases. 1076 87

A 60-year-old male subject who worked as a movie projectionist and who was exposed for 12 years to rare earths (RE) containing dusts from cored arc light carbon electrodes was investigated. Chest X-ray films and pulmonary function tests showed an interstitial lung disease, emphysema and a severe obstructive impairment with marked decrease of carbon monoxide diffusion capacity. The histological examination of a transbronchial biopsy confirmed the diffuse interstitial lung fibrosis. Neutron activation analysis (NAA) of the biopsy showed concentrations of cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), neodimium (Nd), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb) and ytterbium (Yb) which were high compared to the corresponding elements in the transbronchial biopsies of 5 unexposed subjects as a control group. Thorium (Th) (which is generally present as an impurity of the RE compounds) was also determined in order to estimate the radiation dose in the lung of the worker. On the basis of the clinical observations, of the analytical results by neutron activation analysis of RE and of the presence of Th in the transbronchial biopsy, as well as of the differential diagnosis, which tended to exclude other occupational or non-occupational lung diseases, a relation between the observed interstitial lung fibrosis and occupational exposure to RE is highly probable.
 ...
PMID:The potencial role of rare earths in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease: a case report of movie projectionist as investigated by neutron activation analysis. 1139 83

We describe a 42-year-old man with dermatomyositis and interstitial lung disease who presented with anterior neck pain and dyspnoea. Chest radiographs showed subcutaneous emphysema, pneumomediastinum and diffuse reticulonodular infiltration in both lungs. After the administration of high doses of prednisolone, an improvement of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms was observed but the pneumomediastinum persists 12 months after diagnosis, and without any complication. We review the cases that have been reported thus far of pneumomediastinum associated with dermatomyositis and discuss the possible mechanisms involved. We conclude that pneumomediastinum is not an uncommon complication of dermatomyositis and that its aetiopathogenesis remains very unclear.
 ...
PMID:Persistent pneumomediastinum and dermatomyositis: a case report and review of the literature. 1164 18

Lung disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. HRCT, currently the best test to assess lung involvement in emphysema and interstitial lung disease, relies on abnormalities being detected when there is sufficient morphologic distortion to result in visually identified changes that, for the most part, correlate poorly with conventional lung function tests and outcome. QIA offers a technique to assess both structure and function on a regional and global basis. With the advent of user-friendly software packages, this approach is finding application in clinical practice and in clinical studies of new treatment alternatives for diffuse lung disease
 ...
PMID:Quantitative CT of the lung. 1181 16

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an inflammatory interstitial lung disease caused by recurring exposure to a variety of occupational and environmental antigens. It features widely variable clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings. Because the clinical findings of HP mimic multiple other diseases, a high degree of clinical suspicion and a thorough occupational and environmental history are essential for accurate diagnosis. There is no single pathognomonic feature for HP; rather, diagnosis relies on a constellation of clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings. The radiologic manifestations, particularly the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) pattern, provide important clues and frequently point clinicians towards the correct diagnosis. The HRCT findings in HP may include ground-glass opacification, centrilobular nodules, air trapping (mosaic pattern), fibrosis, emphysema, or more frequently a combination of these. The combination of a mosaic pattern with ground-glass opacification and centrilobular nodules is particularly suggestive of the diagnosis. The best long-term prognosis is achieved with early diagnosis and removal from exposure.
 ...
PMID:Clinical and radiologic manifestations of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. 1236 65

The preoperative physiologic assessment of a patient being considered for surgical resection of lung cancer must consider the immediate perioperative risks from comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, the long-term risks of pulmonary disability, and the threat to survival due to inadequately treated lung cancer. As with any planned major operation, especially in a population predisposed to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by cigarette smoking, a cardiovascular evaluation is an important component in assessing perioperative risks. Measuring the FEV(1) and the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) measurements should be viewed as complementary physiologic tests for assessing risk related to pulmonary function. If there is evidence of interstitial lung disease on radiographic studies or undue dyspnea on exertion, even though the FEV(1) may be adequate, a DLCO should be obtained. In patients with abnormalities in FEV(1) or DLCO identified preoperatively, it is essential to estimate the likely postresection pulmonary reserve. The amount of lung function lost in lung cancer resection can be estimated by using either a perfusion scan or the number of segments removed. A predicted postoperative FEV(1) or DLCO < 40% indicates an increased risk for perioperative complications, including death, from lung cancer resection. Exercise testing should be performed in these patients to further define the perioperative risks prior to surgery. Formal cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a sophisticated physiologic testing technique that includes recording the exercise ECG, heart rate response to exercise, minute ventilation, and oxygen uptake per minute, and allows calculation of maximal oxygen consumption (.VO(2)max). Risk for perioperative complications can generally be stratified by .VO(2)max. Patients with preoperative .VO(2)max > 20 mL/kg/min are not at increased risk of complications or death; .VO(2)max< 15 mL/kg/min indicates an increased risk of perioperative complications; and patients with .VO(2)max < 10 mL/kg/min have a very high risk for postoperative complications. Alternative types of exercise testing include stair climbing, the shuttle walk, and the 6-min walk. Although often not performed in a standardized manner, stair climbing can predict .VO(2)max. In general terms, patients who can climb five flights of stairs have O(2)max > 20 mL/kg/min. Conversely, patients who cannot climb one flight of stairs have .VO(2)max < 10 mL/kg/min. Data on the shuttle walk and 6-min walk are limited, but patients who cannot complete 25 shuttles on two occasions will have .VO(2)max < 10 mL/kg/min. Desaturation during an exercise test has been associated with an increased risk for perioperative complications. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) for patients with severe emphysema is a controversial procedure. Some reports document substantial improvements in lung function, exercise capability, and quality of life in highly selected patients with emphysema following LVRS. Case series of patients referred for LVRS indicate that perhaps 3 to 6% of these patients may have coexisting lung cancer. Anecdotal experience from these case series suggest that patients with extremely poor lung function can tolerate combined LVRS and resection of the lung cancer with an acceptable mortality rate and good postoperative outcomes. Combining LVRS and lung cancer resection should probably be limited to those patients with heterogeneous emphysema, particularly emphysema limited to the lobe containing the tumor.
 ...
PMID:The physiologic evaluation of patients with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery. 1252 70

We describe a rare case of a 46-year-old Japanese man with dermatomyositis (DM) and interstitial lung disease who developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. Relatively mild myositis, mild elevation of CK values and the absence of anti-Jo-1 antibody were observed and the case was similar to amyopathic DM. Treatment of this patient with oral prednisolone and cyclosporin A (CsA) was effective for the myositis and interstitial lung disease. The administration of CsA enabled rapid tapering of the dose of prednisolone without aggravating the disease. Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema disappeared 5 months later without recurrence. The serum levels of KL-6 were monitored every 2 weeks to help determine whether this may have contributed to the recurrence of interstitial pneumonitis. This is a rare case of pneumomediastinum in a patient with DM.
 ...
PMID:A case of dermatomyositis complicated with pneumomediastinum successfully treated with cyclosporin A. 1260 18

Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) is a clinicopathologic entity occurring rarely in smokers. We report three cases of RB-ILD diagnosed pathologically by surgical lung biopsy. Cough was observed in all cases, sputum in one case and dyspnea on exertion in another. Reduction of diffusing capacity was observed in all three cases. No abnormality was found in the chest radiographs of any case. However, in high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), ground-glass opacities and centrilobular nodules were observed in all three cases, emphysema in one case, intralobular linear or reticular opacities in two cases, small subpleural cysts in two and emphysema in one. Histologic examination of lung biopsy specimens taken by thoracoscopy showed peribronchiolar fibrosis and centrilobular intraluminal accumulation of macrophages in all three cases, centrilobular emphysema, membranous bronchioles filled with mucus and macrophages, and focal microscopic honeycombing in subpleural lesions in one case each. RB-ILD should be included in the differential diagnosis of interstitial lung disease in smokers.
 ...
PMID:[Three cases of respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD): a study of HRCT-pathologic correlation]. 1269 97

Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) designates interstitial lung changes in smokers, characterized histologically by bronchiolocentric accumulation of pigmented alveolar macrophages and fibrotic or cellular inflammatory changes of pulmonary interstitium. The definition is nearly identical to that of condensate pneumopathy, smoker's pneumopathy or smoker's lung, defined by accumulation of pigmented alveolar macrophages with bland alveoloseptal or peribronchial fibrosis and cellular inflammation of the bronchial wall. In addition to respiratory bronchiolitis, which is found in nearly all smokers, RB-ILD comprises a broad spectrum of varying degrees of the interstitial reaction to the exogenous injury of inhalation smoking with gradual transition to desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP). In most cases RB-ILD manifestations are subclinical and detected coincidentally. Radiographic features are reticulonodular and ground glass opacities of the lung. The high resolution computed tomography reveals centrilobular nodules, ground glass opacities, thickening of bronchial walls, and in some cases a reticular pattern. Mild emphysema is frequent. Lung function analysis reveals only minor restrictive or obstructive defects in most cases, often combined with hyperinflation. CO diffusing capacity is slightly to moderately impaired. Pronounced interstitial lung diseases with serious restrictive defects and arterial hypoxemia have been reported infrequently. In differential diagnosis smoking related interstitial lung diseases (DIP, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and other interstitial lung diseases have to be excluded. In most cases diagnosis can be achieved by bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial lung biopsy. In cases of pronounced interstitial lung disease or assumption of an additional interstitial lung disease besides RB-ILD a thoracoscopic or open lung biopsy can be necessary. RB-ILD has a favourable prognosis. After smoking cessation lung changes are reversible. Corticosteroid therapy is not necessary. A fatal outcome of RB-ILD has not been reported. Follow-up examinations are advisable in order to preclude other interstitial lung diseases. RB-ILD seems to be more frequent than it is assumed at present. The clinical picture is masked in most cases by the concomitant smoking induced chronic bronchitis. Thus only pronounced cases with structural changes and resulting differential diagnostic problems are diagnosed.
 ...
PMID:[Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD)]. 1278 81

A 42-yr-old woman was referred to our hospital because of multiple small nodules in a chest radiograph. She had no symptoms such as dyspnea, cough or sputum. A chest CT revealed many centrilobular small nodules and thin-walled cysts with predominance in the peripheral area of the lungs. The specimens obtained by thoracoscopic surgery showed granulomas with scattered eosinophils and numerous Langerhans' cells. The Langerhans' cells were positive for both S-100 protein and CD1a. These findings are compatible with pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (LCH). Since the granulomas showed no fibrotic changes, the LCH may have been in its early stages. However, there were clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages around the terminal and respiratory bronchioles, and cystic lesions without cellular infiltrates, in the specimens. The former histologic findings suggested respiratory bronchiolitis causing interstitial lung disease and the latter are indistinguishable from centrilobular emphysema. Therefore, these smoking-related diseases may have been superimposed on the LCH in this patient.
 ...
PMID:[A case of pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis]. 1453 8


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>