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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical signs consistent with those of atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP) were induced in calves sensitized with infective Ascaris suum eggs at seven to 20 weeks of age and challenged at three-week intervals one or more times. These signs usually appeared on the sixth or seventh day postinfection and reached maximum severity between the tenth and 13th days following infection. Prominent signs were: dyspnea, often with expiratory grunt, coughing, mouth breathing and emphysema as well as increased respiration and heart rates. In general, the intensity of signs was dependent upon dose size, although a single small dose resulted in acute signs and death in one calf. Intermittent coughing and vesicular sounds were induced in calves given A. suum eggs continually over prolonged periods. No respiratory abnormalities resulted from challenge with Toxocara canis after sensitization with A. suum. Antihistamine therapy did not alter the clinical signs in A. suum infected calves.
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PMID:Ascaris suum infection in calves. I. Clinical signs. 439 25

Animal models are of two types those that occur spontaneously and those that the scientist produces by artefact. One value of spontaneously occurring models is that if pathogenetic mechanisms are identified, they give new leads for the study of human disease. There is a need for spontaneously occurring examples of so-called primary or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension (arterial or venous), and emphysema. Acquired or artefactual models of each of these conditions are available and have led to better understanding of the pathological changes, but they have not led to identification of the basic or primary abnormality. A naturally occurring model of cystic fibrosis could be a major event in our control of this disease. A spontaneously occurring form of asthma is needed as a bridge between experiment and patient. Artefactual models that are needed are of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and shock lung. There is probably enough agreement--but only just--on the nature of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for specific needs to be identified. Here the questions concern the choice of an appropriate species--or several--in which to study the premature lung and its adaptation to air breathing and supportive therapy. Knowledge of comparative anatomy and physiology must influence choice of species for certain models. For adult respiratory failure, or shock lung, a model is needed that progresses to pulmonary hypertension. Spontaneous models of interstitial pneumonia and of infection, both viral and bacterial, are needed. An animal model of a disease is only as useful as the questions we ask of it.
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PMID:Needs for animal models of human diseases of the respiratory system. 696 87

Balb/c mice were exposed to the fresh smoke of a daily equivalent of thirty high tar filtered cigarettes for periods of up to 95 weeks. Detailed surveys of the gross and histopathological data are presented which indicates that there is the induction or production of significant numbers of malignant tumours of several types in the animals exposed to tobacco smoke. There are also significant histopathological changes which consist mainly of interstitial pneumonia and focal low grade emphysema. These features contribute significantly to the reduction in life span of the test animals in which the main causes of death are malignancies and inflammatory diseases of the lungs.
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PMID:A survey of pathological changes associated with long-term high tar tobacco smoke exposure in a murine model. 732 45

Advances in the understanding of human respiratory disease can come from careful clinical studies of the diseases as they occur in man, but such studies are naturally limited in terms of experimental manipulation. In the last 2 decades, an increasingly complex plethora of experimental respiratory disease models has been developed and utilized by investigators, but relatively less attention has been paid to the naturally occurring pulmonary diseases of animals as potential models. This paper is aimed at presenting selected examples of spontaneous pulmonary disease in animals that may serve as exploitable models for human chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, interstitial lung disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, hyaline membrane disease, and bronchial asthma. Chronic bronchitis in dogs is characterized by chronic cough, excessive mucus production, and chronic inflammatory changes in bronchial walls. The disease affects mainly smaller-breed dogs of middle age or older. Equine chronic bronchitis tends to be a small airway disease with marked goblet cell proliferation and excessive mucus production, which may be accompanied by alveolar emphysema. Many animals develop bronchiectasis or bronchiolitis obliterans secondary to chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, but chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of rats may be the most useful model of bronchiectasis. Models for emphysema must include actual alveolar destruction and ideally should be accompanied by appropriate pathophysiologic decrements. Many animals occasionally develop emphysema, but the disease has not been well documented, except possibly in horses. The interstitial lung diseases of man represent a complicated and poorly understood group of entities and near-entities. The same is true for animals, although interstitial lung disease in animals is much less common than bronchopneumonia. Cattle seem prone to develop interstitial lesions. Proliferative interstitial pneumonia of cattle includes many morphologic similarities to the spectrum of human interstitial pneumonitides. Fibrosing alveolitis of cattle is a morphologic end point that may have its origins in different forms of interstitial injury. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has been best detailed in cattle and in horses and is clinically, etiologically, immunologically, and morphologically similar to the disease in man. Hyaline membrane disease has been poorly documented in animals, with the possible exception of the neonatal respiratory distress syndromes of foals and piglets. Bronchial asthma is similarly not well established as a spontaneous disease in animals, although experimental models exist. Eosinophilic bronchiolitis of cattle may represent a useful asthma model but has been poorly detailed. In order to make them useful as models, more attention should be paid to detailing the clinical, morphologic, and etiologic aspects of these naturally occurring animal pulmonary diseases.
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PMID:Criteria for development of animal models of diseases of the respiratory system: the comparative approach in respiratory disease model development. 745 67

A field outbreak of poisoning of cattle by ganskweek (Lasiospermum bipinnatum [Thunb.] Druce) in the Molteno district is described. In addition to the typical histopathological lesion of zonal hepatic necrosis and haemorrhage, pulmonary lesions of interstitial pneumonia, emphysema and bronchial epithelial changes similar to those described in experimental ganskweek poisoning in sheep are reported.
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PMID:Pulmonary and hepatic lesions associated with suspected ganskweek (Lasiospermum bipinnatum) poisoning in cattle. 759 19

Forty children (aged 1 to 18 years, 27 female and 13 male) have undergone heart-lung (21), double lung (17), and single lung (2) transplant procedures at our center from 1985 through April 1994. The indications for transplantation have been diverse, primary pulmonary hypertension (10), cystic fibrosis (11), congenital heart disease (10), arteriovenous malformation (3), emphysema (1), graft-versus-host disease (1), rheumatoid lung (1), cardiomyopathy (1), desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (1), and Proteus syndrome (1). The actuarial 1-year survival was 73% (mean follow-up 2 years). One-year actuarial survival for disease groups ranged from 60% for cystic fibrosis to 90% for congenital heart disease. We have identified six issues critical to the patient and programatic survival of pediatric lung transplantation. Our experience and management strategies in these areas are reviewed. Cytomegalovirus: Cytomegalovirus disease developed in six of eight patients with cytomegalovirus mismatching (donor +/recipient-) and in seven of 32 patients who survived more than 30 days (23%). All but cytomegalovirus donor -/recipient- patients were treated with ganciclovir for 4 weeks after transplantation. Obliterative bronchiolitis: Obliterative bronchiolitis developed in seven of 32 (25%) patients who survived more than 30 days. Obliterative bronchiolitis was manifest within the first posttransplantation year as a rapid decline in small airway function. Aggressive augmentation of immunosuppression has been used with little success. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease: Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease developed in five of 32 (15%) patients who survived more than 30 days developed. One patient died (17% mortality) despite retransplantation. In four patients the disease resolved with reduction in immunosuppression alone, and one required the addition of interferon alfa. Cystic fibrosis: We have changed our management strategies to avoid triple drug immunosuppression, perioperative blood and bronchial cultures, aggressive antimicrobial therapy, and exclusion of patients with panresistant organisms; this has resulted in elimination of infectious mortalities thus far in the pediatric cystic fibrosis group. Airways: In 21 heart-lung recipients with tracheal anastomoses we have had no airway complications. The double and single lung transplant recipients accounted for 34 bronchial and one tracheal anastomoses. Three (9%) bronchial stenoses developed. Two were treated with silicone stents and one with balloon dilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Critical issues in pediatric lung transplantation. 781 8

Heart-lung transplantation and lung transplantation have become accepted techniques in adult patients with end-stage cardiopulmonary disease. We report here our experience between July 1985 and March 1993 with 34 children (< 20 years) who underwent heart-lung (n = 18) or lung transplantation (n = 17). Indications for transplantation included cystic fibrosis (n = 9), congenital heart disease with Eisenmenger complex (n = 9), primary pulmonary hypertension (n = 8), pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (n = 2), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (n = 2), Proteus syndrome with multicystic pulmonary disease (n = 1), graft-versus-host disease (n = 1), rheumatoid lung disease (n = 1), and bronchiolitis obliterans and emphysema (n = 1). Twenty-six patients (76%) have survived from 1 to 88 months after transplantation; most patients have returned to an active lifestyle. Of the eight deaths, four were due to infections, two to multiorgan failure, 1 to posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, and one to donor organ failure. Four of the patients who died had cystic fibrosis. Despite considerable morbidity related to infection, rejection, and function of the heart-lung and lung allograft in some patients, our results with this potentially lifesaving procedure in the pediatric population have been encouraging.
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PMID:Experience with pediatric lung transplantation. 830 35

The application of lung transplantation to the pediatric population was a natural extension of the success realized in our adult transplant program, which began in 1982. Thirty-two pediatric patients (age range 1 to 18 years) have undergone heart-lung (n = 16), double-lung (n = 14), and single-lung (n = 2) transplantation procedures. The cause of end-stage lung disease was primary pulmonary hypertension (n = 7), congenital heart disease (n = 7), cystic fibrosis (n = 9), pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (n = 2), desquamative interstitial pneumonitis (n = 2), graft-versus-host disease (n = 1), emphysema (n = 1), rheumatoid lung (n = 1), cardiomyopathy (n = 1), and Proteus syndrome (n = 1). Six patients (19%) underwent pretransplantation thoracic surgical procedures. The survival rate was 78% at a mean follow-up of 1.8 years. The survival rate in the 23 recipients without cystic fibrosis was 87% (95% since 1985). The actuarial 1-year survival rate in the nine recipients with cystic fibrosis was 55%. Immunosuppression was cyclosporine (n = 9) or FK 506 (n = 23)-based therapy with azathioprine and steroids. Children were followed up by spirometry, transbronchial biopsy, and primed lymphocyte testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The mean number of treated episodes of rejection per patient in the groups treated with cyclosporine and FK 506, respectively, was 1.0 and 1.2 at 30 days, 0.67 and 0.38 at 30 to 90 days, and 2.33 and 0.46 at greater than 90 days (p < 0.001, Fisher exact test).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Pediatric lung transplantation: expanding indications, 1985 to 1993. 831 44

High-resolution CT findings have been described for several diffuse lung diseases. Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) is an inflammatory lung disorder associated with cigarette smoking. This condition has only recently been described and distinguished from desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, which it closely resembles. We describe high-resolution CT findings in five cases of biopsy-proven RB-ILD. The findings are variable and range from no detectable abnormality to atelectasis, ground-glass opacities, emphysema, and linear and reticular interstitial abnormalities.
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PMID:High resolution CT in respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease. 841 38

The structure of pulmonary-function data obtained from 468 randomly selected subjects was analyzed. The subjects included patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic pulmonary emphysema, diffuse panbronchiolitis, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis, and normal health adults. From among the many possible indices of pulmonary function, 19 were chosen and were used as variables in principal component analysis. Six significant principal components (PCs) were extracted. The first three PCs accounted for 70% of the total information and were termed "ventilation," "volume," and "diffusion." The second three PCs accounted for 17% of the information and were termed "small airway," "lower airway," and "shape." Indices of ventilatory unevenness were not separated from indices of airway obstruction, and were included in the first PC. No other, unknown PC was detected with these pulmonary-function indices. The relationship among indices is displayed in a factor loading matrix, and pulmonary-function tests are classified statistically.
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PMID:[Classification of pulmonary-function tests by principal component analysis]. 862 67


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