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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study of the geographical distribution of cerebrovascular disease in Scottish communities during three quinquennia between 1959 and 1983 showed a marked tendency for high SMRs to be present in the west of Scotland and low SMRs in the east. Cerebrovascular disease was significantly correlated with coronary heart disease, with bronchitis, emphysema and asthma, and to a lesser extent with other heart disease, with other circulatory disease and with indices of overcrowding. It was not associated with either urbanization or industrialization.
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PMID:Cerebrovascular disease in Scotland during 1959 to 1983: its geographical distribution and associations. 263 12

The paper attempts to offer a critical review of the current psychosocial literature on chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD: emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis and chronic asthma) from a (medical) sociological perspective. Following a brief exposition of the clinical nature of COAD and its epidemiology the paper reviews some of the main psychosocial literature in the field. It then focuses on some of the problems concerning issues of methodology and measurement within the existing research, particularly the inadequacy of many of the 'quality of life' instruments and disability measures used; the lack of research which combines both quantitative and qualitative data; and the predominant concern with the psychological aspects of the condition to the detriment of the social dimensions involved. Using the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) as its conceptual scaffold, the paper then goes on to argue that a sociological perspective is both a necessary and essential complement to existing research in this area in order to achieve a fuller understanding of chronic respiratory illness/disability and its sequelae. Finally, the paper attempts to offer some possible reasons why chronic respiratory and disability has received relatively little attention from within the social sciences and concludes with some reflections and suggestions on possible future developments in research into chronic respiratory illness and disability from within the social sciences.
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PMID:Chronic respiratory illness and disability: a critical review of the psychosocial literature. 264 93

The increase in morbidity and mortality attributable to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has focused attention on environmental and host factors causally associated with the clinical entities included under the rubric of this term with a view to early preventive intervention. Despite the biologic plausibility of inhaled agents being causally implicated, only the role of tobacco smoke has been accepted beyond doubt. However, evidence implicating occupational exposures has accumulated, in particular over the last 2 yr, from: (1) community-based studies (in which larger study populations provide greater power than the usually smaller workforce based studies); (2) longitudinal studies of lung function (which enhance the signal of interest, namely the effects of the occupational exposures, and diminish the noise due to between-individual differences); (3) pathology studies (in which the outcome of interest is the quantitative measurement of emphysema), and (4) cohort mortality studies of all or specific causes of death. This evidence, reviewed here according to accepted criteria for establishing causality, leaves little doubt that occupational exposure to dust and/or to dust and fumes may be causally implicated in the genesis of COPD. As with tobacco exposure, both bronchitis (mucus hypersecretion) and airflow limitation are recognized as causally related to exposure, but not necessarily to each other. As with tobacco exposure, though effects are in general dose related to exposure, there is evidence for individual susceptibility. As with tobacco exposure, a possible host factor is the reactivity of airways to inhaled materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Occupational exposures: evidence for a causal association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 267 12

The study of surfactant effects and their biochemical composition in the expiration condensate covered 102 patients with dust bronchitis (DB). Decrease of surfactant effects and violation of the proportion of surfactant lipid fractions (increase in the percentage of free fat acids, triacylglyceride decrease) were noted along with the growth of DB severity and clearly defined pulmonary emphysema.
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PMID:[Pulmonary surfactant system in dust-induced bronchitis]. 270 7

The present study is concerned with the pulmonary pathological changes in the rats following intra-tracheal administration of sintering dust and vanadium slag separately. The results indicated that both the volume of lungs and the quantity of pulmonary collagen protein in the treated groups were higher than those in the control groups. The histopathological observations revealed foci of dust cells and fibers in the pulmonary alveoli, bronchi and around the blood vessels, a small amount of reticular fibers and collagenous fibers were also seen. At the same time bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema and atelectasis can also be seen. The pathological changes in the vanadium slag groups were more distinct than those in the sintering dust groups. The paper briefly discussed these pathological changes from the standpoint of the chemical composition of the dusts, dose-response relation, etc.
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PMID:[Experimental study of pathogenic effects of dusts of vanad-titan-magnetite on rats lungs]. 273 49

Therapeutic-prophylactic measures in 60 patients were directed to remove the main pathogenetic mechanisms of development of lung emphysema (control of the obstructive syndrome, normalization of the sputum rheology, reduction of the protease level, restoration of the surfactant system activity). The efficacy of complex treatment (broncholytic agents, mucus regulators, protease inhibitors, etc.) depended largely on the necessity of active prophylactic medical care of patients with dust-induced bronchitis at early stages of the disease.
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PMID:[Therapeutic and prophylactic measures in patients with dust-induced bronchitis complicated by pulmonary emphysema]. 275 65

1. Neutrophils from patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema or age-matched control subjects were cultured on a substrate of 125I-fibronectin. The neutrophils from patients with lung disease digested significantly more fibronectin and released more elastase into the culture supernatant than did cells from control subjects. Preincubation of neutrophils from emphysematous patients with plasma from control subjects significantly inhibited fibronectin digestion by the patients' neutrophils by, on average, 10%. Preincubation of control subjects' neutrophils with plasma from emphysematous patients had no effect on fibronectin digestion. 2. Tumour necrosis factor increased fibronectin digestion in a dose-dependent manner when the cytokine was added to the adherent cells but not when preincubated with the polymorphonuclear leucocytes in suspension. Bacterial endotoxin in concentrations above 6 micrograms/ml significantly increased fibronectin digestion by neutrophils, but leukotriene B4, interferon-gamma and interleukin-1 alpha had no significant effects. 3. Dexamethasone inhibited fibronectin digestion by neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner, from 11% at 10(-10) mol/l to 68% at 10(-3) mol/l.
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PMID:Effects of plasma, tumour necrosis factor, endotoxin and dexamethasone on extracellular proteolysis by neutrophils from healthy subjects and patients with emphysema. 275 60

Information gathered in the Zutphen Study, the Dutch contribution to the Seven Countries Study that started in the 1960s, was used in this study. Of the 1266 men invited to take part in the 1985 survey, 939 (74%) participated. All participants were interviewed according to the BMRC chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD) questionnaire and medically examined for CNSLD complaints by a trained physician. The physician also filled in a questionnaire containing questions concerning previous treatments for asthma, bronchitis and emphysema. Exposures were generated by means of a job exposure matrix on the basis of the longest performed job and the gain and grouped into 12 exposure categories. A logistic regression analysis was performed using the occupational exposures as the sector of industry dependent variables in allowing for smoking habits, age and socioeconomic status. For the diagnosis by the physician and treatment for emphysema and or bronchitis, the strongest elevated odds ratios were found, indicating an adverse effect of the occupational exposures. In contrast, the variable 'ever treated for asthma' had odds ratios smaller than one with most of the exposure variables indicating a selection effect. In an analysis in which everyone who was ever treated for asthma was excluded an increase in the odds ratios compared with the first analysis was seen. The relationships between occupational exposures as generated by the job exposure matrix and CNSLD were stronger than those recently reported in the literature.
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PMID:Chronic non-specific lung disease and occupational exposures estimated by means of a job exposure matrix: the Zutphen Study. 276 52

The data of the 1981-83 Swiss National Health Survey "SOMIPOPS", based on a randomly selected sample of 4,235 individuals aged 20 or over representative of the whole Swiss population, were used to investigate the relation between smoking, prevalence of disease and frequency of health care utilization. The risks of several conditions, including hypertension, myocardial infarction and other heart diseases, asthma, tuberculosis and kidney disease were elevated among ex-smokers. The diseases showing elevated risks among current smokers and significantly positive dose-risk trends included acute bronchitis (relative risk, RR = 3.2 for heavy cigarette smokers vs never smokers), chronic bronchitis or lung emphysema (RR = 2.0), gastro-duodenal ulcer (RR = 1.8) and bone fractures (RR = 1.6). For respiratory conditions, the risk of pipe or cigar smokers was comparable to that of moderate cigarette smokers, whereas for ulcer (RR = 4.1) or fractures (RR = 2.0) the point estimates were even higher than for heavy cigarette smokers. Smokers tended to consult more frequently general practitioners, used more other outpatients services, and were more frequently admitted to hospital during the year preceding the interview. These effects were consistent across strata of age, socio-economic indicators, and persisted after allowance for major identified potential distorting factors. Thus, the results of this survey confirm that smoking is an important cause of morbidity and a major contributory factor to the use of health services.
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PMID:Smoking, prevalence of disease and health service utilization among the Swiss population. 277 58

Seventy-two children (age range, 3 months to 5.5 years) with a clinical diagnosis of obstructive bronchitis (asthmatoid or spastic bronchitis or bronchiolitis) were found to have bronchial casts in the gastric fluid, and in 2 additional cases casts were spontaneously expectorated in the bronchial exudate. Cast bronchitis had a long-term course of 10 to 24 months in 65 of the 74 patients. Common radiologic findings included bronchi presumably filled with secretions, areas of atelectasis, and lung emphysema of varying degrees. Cast bronchitis did not appear to be associated with eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels. Therefore, an extrinsic allergic mechanism is not likely involved in the pathogenesis of the condition. Bronchial casts had varying consistencies; although they were usually soft, they were sometimes rather hard. They were hollow, often ramified, and white and measured from 0.5 to 2 cm in length. Histologically, they consisted of metaplastic squamous epithelium with a varying degree of inflammatory cells and noncellular material. Some differences in biochemical composition were observed between bronchial casts and bronchial exudate of acute catarrhal bronchitis. No viruses could be isolated in 11 cast specimens. Our results suggest that cast formation is mainly related to the metaplastic transformation of the bronchial epithelium and that this metaplasia may play an important pathophysiologic role in certain infants and children with obstructive bronchitis.
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PMID:Cast bronchitis in infants and children. 240 84


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