Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Examination of 102 patients who developed bronchitis due to exposure to cotton dust running a complicated or noncomplicated course recognized a moderate hyperkininemia in 40% of cases (4.46 +/- 0.43 against the normal 2.90 +/- 0.42) and apparent hypokininemia in 60-63% of cases (0.52 +/- 0.03 against 2.90 +/- 0.42). Hypokininemia appeared in association with pathological shifts in external respiration and central hemodynamics. It is an unfavourable factor contributing to formation of occupation complications of chronic bronchitis: pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.
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PMID:[Hypokininemia in chronic bronchitis caused by cotton dust]. 187 12

A strong association exists between cigarette smoking and several diseases namely, cancer of the lung, bronchitis and emphysema, cancer of the larynx, oral cavity and oesophagus, gastric and duodenal ulcers, Crohn's disease, cancer of the bladder, coronary artery disease, macrocytosis, polycythaemia, leukaemia, etc. This is due to the harmful constituents of cigarette and other modalities smoking. Smokers not only harm themselves but also harm those around. Foetal malformations, abortions, stillbirths, prematurity and low birth weight are common in smoker mothers. These are the effects of passive smoking. There is no safer cigarette in the market even by lowering its harmful constituents. Mass education about the hazards of smoking with emphasis on complete stoppage of smoking is the only way to prevent its rising incidence.
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PMID:Hazards of smoking. 194 Apr 6

Inhaled silicate dusts may cause lung disease through their surface coordination of iron with subsequent oxidant generation via the Fenton reaction. Pneumoconiosis, irritant bronchitis, focal emphysema, and carcinoma may be produced by oxidants either directly through lipid peroxidation and protein inactivation, or indirectly by oxidant-mediated release of cytokines such as platelet-derived growth factor. The increased incidence of tuberculosis observed among silicate workers could be explained by accumulation of iron complexed by dust particles in the lung and made available to dormant mycobacteria as a virulence factor.
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PMID:Hypothesis: is lung disease after silicate inhalation caused by oxidant generation? 197 6

The paper considers changes of cellular and humoral immunity in 181 chronic sufferers with bronchitis. The disease forms and severity were suggested to be evolutionary stages. There was suppression of immunological reactivity most evident in T-cell system and interleukin-1 in progressive chronic bronchitis. Immunological shifts proved more severe in obstructive chronic bronchitis complicated by pulmonary emphysema and chronic cor pulmonale. Alterations in immunological status may contribute to progression of chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:[Immunological disorders in chronic bronchitis]. 207 77

Bronchial obstruction, its reversibility, airway hyperreactivity and inflammation are key variables of asthma. In clinical practice they can be assessed with repeated noninvasive lung function measurements (spirometry and mucociliary clearance). The asthmatic inflammation in contrast to chronic bronchitis is characterized by increased IgE and eosinophils depending on the disease state (seasonal, perennial, chronic symptomatic or asymptomatic asthma). Based on the above-mentioned clinically applicable measurements, a classification of asthma, chronic (obstructive) bronchitis, and emphysema is proposed because the three groups of diseases have different etiology and need different prophylactic and symptomatic treatment.
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PMID:Definition and assessment of asthma. 211 58

During 9 months (from January 1988 to September 1988), we experienced 82 patients (94 episodes) of respiratory infections with Branhamella catarrhalis in 5 different hospitals. There were 11 patients of acute bronchitis, 8 patients of pneumonia, 56 patients of chronic bronchitis (68 episodes), 3 patients of bronchiectasis, 3 patients of bronchial asthma with infection and chronic pulmonary emphysema in one patient. Ten cases of acute bronchitis and 3 cases of pneumonia had a recent history of common cold, with no underlying disease. There were 68 episodes of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, the highest among 94 episodes of all respiratory infection. In chronic bronchitis the single pathogen B. catarrhalis was more than B. catarrhalis associated with other pathogens. H. influenza was associated with B. catarrhalis in in most cases of polymicrobial infection. beta-lactamase producing B. catarrhalis was 71% and oral penicillin was not effective in 8 cases of infection by beta-lactamase producing strains. These results show that B. catarrhalis is very important as a common pathogen of respiratory infection.
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PMID:[Respiratory infections caused by Branhamella catarrhalis in 5 different hospitals]. 212 Apr 97

Autonomic nervous system function has been studied both in vitro and in vivo using a variety of methodologies. In asthmatic patients, beta-adrenergic hyporesponsiveness and alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic hyperresponsiveness can be frequently demonstrated. These observations have provided support for the beta blockade theory of asthma, advanced in the late 1960s by Andor Szentivanyi's experiments involving sensitized rodents. However, in addition to asthma, aberrations in autonomic nervous system function have been noted in other individuals including cystic fibrosis patients and their parents, patients with emphysema and bronchitis, and in patients (allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis) who have demonstrable IgE antibody responses to a variety of antigens. Thus, although these defects are not specific for asthma, it is noteworthy that these conditions share many clinical features; the ultimate phenotypic expression of these abnormalities may depend on both genetic and environmental factors that have yet to be defined.
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PMID:Autonomic nervous system abnormalities and asthma. 215 65

In Germany approximately 5 per cent of the population suffer from asthma. The disease is characterized by nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli, leading to airways obstruction. In the majority of cases sensitizations to inhaled or food allergens are revealed by skin tests and/or in-vitro tests (RAST) ("extrinsic" asthma). Due to an allergen-induced increase of non-specific airway hyperresponsiveness allergencontacts favor asthmatic symptoms after non-specific stimuli, such as cold air or exercise. Therefore diagnostic measures in asthma should include allergic history and standard allergen skin tests in each case. Nonspecific stimuli often play a predominant role among the causes of acute airways obstruction, depending on the degree of nonspecific hyperresponsiveness. Other cases of asthma are characterized by the absence of senzitizations ("intrinsic" asthma). Usually, the symptomatology of these cases is more severe than in extrinsic asthma. In most cases of allergic asthma prognosis is favourable, in contrast to chronic obstructive bronchitis and/or emphysema. The therapeutic approach consists of allergen avoidance and hyposensitization, if feasible, and of a combination of bronchodilating and antiinflammatory drugs. A number of work places has to be avoided. Drug treatment should aim at reducing airways hyperresponsiveness and absence of asthmatic symptoms, requiring (inhaled) steroids in most cases. Other therapeutic principles have to be considered, such as allergen avoidance, cessation of cigarette smoking, change of work place, choice of favourable climates during holidays, and hyposensitisation.
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PMID:[Extrinsic-allergic asthma--principles, diagnosis, therapy, danger of disability]. 218 58

Spirometric examinations are suitable for the diagnosis of airway obstruction, but not of pulmonary emphysema. Whole body plethysmography, in contrast, is the most reliable diagnostic procedure for both conditions, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The basic treatment of any form of airway obstruction consists in the inhalation of beta-2-sympathomimetic drugs; theophyllines are also good bronchodilators, but are less powerful than beta-2-sympathomimetics. Glucocorticoids must always be given when bronchitis also presents, which is only rarely treatable with antibiotics alone. Although regression of pulmonary emphysema is not possible, progression of the destructive process would appear to be inhibited by intensive treatment of the inflammatory bronchitis. Only in the case of patients with congenital alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is it possible to administer such causal treatment in the form of substitution therapy. Surgical treatment can be considered only in the case of bullous pulmonary emphysema.
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PMID:[Obstructive airway diseases--emphysema. Diagnosis and therapy]. 219 Aug 96

Clinical evaluation, safety and kinetics in serum of sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ) in patients with lower respiratory tract infections have been studied in a multicenter trial participated by 28 institutions in Kyushu area during a period of 13 months from March 1987 to March 1988. 1. Mean peak serum levels of SBT and CPZ in 35 patients up to 4 hours after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were 38.2 +/- 17.3 micrograms/ml for SBT and 104.3 +/- 31.4 micrograms/ml for CPZ. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ were 0.76 hour and 1.53 hours, respectively. These results were in similar ranges to those reported elsewhere for SBT/CPZ. 2. Serum half-lives of SBT and CPZ after intravenous infusion of 2 g of SBT/CPZ were not significantly prolonged in patients with moderate liver or kidney dysfunctions. 3. Clinical efficacy rates of SBT/CPZ in 217 patients were 93.1% (81/87) for pneumonia, 93.3% (14/15) for lung abscess, 78.9% (15/19) for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, 57.1% (4/7) for diffuse panbronchiolitis, 72.4% (21/29), 74.4% (32/43) and 100% (9/9) for infections concurrent to bronchiectasis, chronic respiratory disease and pulmonary emphysema, respectively. Those were 50% (1/2) for bronchitis associated with lung cancer and 66.7% (4/6) for empyema. The overall efficacy rate was 83.4% (181/217). 4. Clinical efficacy rate of SBT/CPZ for pneumonia in patients with underlying diseases such as lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumoconiosis, etc, was 85.3% (29/34) and was not significantly different from the efficacy rate of 98.1% (52/53) in patients without these underlying diseases. 5. Of 30 patients who failed to respond of previous antibiotic treatments, 21 were effectively treated by SBT/CPZ. 6. Bacteriological eradication rates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were 42.9% (9/21), 87.5% (14/16) and 100% (5/5), respectively. The overall eradication rate in all cases including polymicrobial infections was 72.8% (67/92). 7. The high levels of peak serum concentration of CPZ, and the difference between serum levels of SBT and of CPZ seemed to contribute to the high clinical efficacy. 8. Adverse reactions occurred in 2.8% (6/217) of the patients, and consisted primarily of rash and diarrhea. Laboratory abnormalities were observed in 8 patients during the study. These were elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT, and eosinophilia. 9. SBT/CPZ is a very useful drug in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections as it has become available just in time when increase in resistant organisms to beta-lactams is notable.
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PMID:[Clinical evaluation of sulbactam/cefoperazone in lower respiratory tract infections]. 219 54


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