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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chronic obstructive lung disease conprises 2 groups of diseases which have a different pathogenesis and require different therapy: 1. Chronic bronchitis with secondary emphysema. 2. Primary emphysema complicated by bronchitis. A differentiation between these 2 groups of patients is possible on the basis of lung function tests except in patients with complications, in whom long-term observation is required for clarification of the diagnosis. Separation of these conditions is also of importance in epidemiological studies of chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:[Bronchitis and emphysem: which is the primary condition? (author's transl)]. 122 33

A revision of all the clinical histories of asthmatic children discharged from our hospital in the period from January 1st until December 31st 1972, is performed. Sex, age and number of hospitalizations are taken into consideration. A total of 650 clinical histories comprised all the parameters established to alizing 1002 admissions. An incidence of 6,9% of all admissions corresponded to asthmatic children being the age group 0 - 4 the most frequently involved, with a total of 490 patients corresponding to 75% of all patients studied. The age group 0 - 4 comprised 763 of the 1002 admissions, corresponding to 76% of all admissions. A male predominance was found corresponding to 50% of all patients. The older age groups presented less incidence of admissions; this may be to a tendency towards less acute symptoms as the children grow older; the homeostatic mechanisms of the child are more mature; a small percentage refused to be hospitalized. The age groups 0 - 4, are considered of high risk, due to severity of symptoms this age group usually presents at the moment of hospitalization. During 1973, a total of 73 defunctions due to asthma bronchitis and emphysema were recorded in children less than 15 years old, out of which 85% corresponded to the age group 0 -4.
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PMID:[Incidence and most frequent age at hospitalization in bronchial asthma]. 122 76

The autopsies of 82 patients with cystic fibrosis were reviewed with respect to pathologic changes in the lungs and their respective prevalence among different age groups. Although bronchitis, mucopurulent plugging, and bronchopneumonia were almost universally present among children of all ages, epithelial metaplasia and bronchiectasis were rarer among infants and progressively more prevalent in older age groups. Emphysema was absent in patients under two years of age and affected 11 per cent of the patients two to six years of age and 40 per cent of the patients older than six years, but was never of a severe degree by the point count method. Pulmonary hemorrhage, although uncommon, was usually associated with prominent arterial vessels in walls of bronchiectatic airways. Quantitative assessment of bronchial glands revealed Reid indices significantly higher in patients with cystic fibrosis when compared to noncystic fibrosis patients, but there was no increase in these indices with the age of the patients. Glandular hypertrophy, predominance of mucous acini within glands, and goblet cell hyperplasia of the bronchial mucosa all suggest an explanation for the copious mucous secretion of patients with cystic fibrosis. However, it was not possible to ascertain whether these findings reflect a general exocrine defect of such patients or whether they were merely a response to chronic airway infection, even though the latter is a more plausible assumption.
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PMID:The lung in cystic fibrosis. A quantitative study including prevalence of pathologic findings among different age groups. 126 16

Apart from certain changes which are typical for pneumoconiosis, the radiological picture of the lungs of sigma coal miners does frequently show some irregular small opacities of s, t and u types. The role and specificity of these changes in the early diagnosis of pneumoconiosis has not been too well defined by now. A 10-year study (conducted at 2 or 3 year intervals) was carried out among 150 miners from 2 mines characterized by different dust loading. Some irregular changes in the miners' lungs were observed. The control group derived from the same mines comprised 115 miners with no radiological changes found in their lungs. The evolution of radiological changes took place in 55.3% of the miners and was more intensive in the heavily dusted mine. Radiological changes were revealed in 38.3% of the controls. It was indicated that pneumoconiosis results much more frequently (38.6%) from the evolution of the irregular changes rather than directly from the proper radiological picture of the lungs (5.3%). In 44.7% of the subjects the changes of s, t and u type did not undergo any evolution, which may be due to their non-specific characteristics. The evolution of irregular opacities is dominating in the patients with bronchitis and emphysema. No significant correlation between smoking and the progress of irregular opacities was found. The observation of the further exposure to the dusts did not produce any clear results. The progress of the changes of s, t and u type was observed more frequently in those still working under ground, but more cases of pneumoconiosis were found in the miners who stopped working. This fact indicates that the further exposure affects the s, t and u type changes and confirms the observations by other authors concerning the manifestation of pneumoconiosis after the break of exposure. The results of the 10-year study prove that the miners with this sort of changes are exposed to a higher risk of pneumoconiosis, although the answer concerning specificity of irregular changes in the radiological picture has not yet been found.
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PMID:[Interpretation of early radiological changes in the diagnosis of pneumoconiosis among coal miners]. 132 41

This is a prospective study involving 300 persons with lung cancer admitted to the "Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho" Cancer Institute (ICAVC). The intention of the survey was to detect delay in diagnosis after the initial symptoms. THe authors tried to identify causes of this delay and its implications. Patients were asked about the day that the symptoms started, medical care and specialists sought, number of physicians seen and their diagnosis, also examinations carried out and referrals. Results showed that 78% of cases were seen firstly by general practitioners and 69.6% looked for medical assistance at least 30 days after the clinical beginning of the disease. Chest X-rays could identify only 9 cases (3%) without symptoms. The most common clinical diagnoses were: pneumonia (20%), neoplasia (19%), bronchitis/emphysema (9.3%) and tuberculosis (8%). The number of first appointments seen by the Public Health Services and Contracted Private Hospital Network was 64.1% and the second appointment was 70%. Only 24 (8%) of the patients were referred to ICAVC just after their first appointment and 64.4% after the third. The time lost between the first appointment and the diagnosis was longer than 90 days in 55.7% of cases. These people needed to see 3 to 4 doctors (as an average) to obtain a positive diagnosis. The diagnostic techniques used more frequently were bronchoscopy (59.7%) and fine needle lung biopsy (18.4%) and the delay was 20 and 10 days on average, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Lung cancer and the delay in the diagnosis: analysis of 300 cases]. 134 Mar 64

19 consecutive patients (18 men, one woman, mean age 61.4 [49-73]years) with chronic obstructive airways disease (bronchitis and emphysema) together with angiographically confirmed coronary heart disease were studied to investigate their cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance and the effects of bronchodilators on their myocardial ischaemia. Because they were receiving drug therapy for angina or because they had previously undergone aortocoronary bypass operation or balloon dilatation, the patients were symptom-free. In three cases slight ischaemia was demonstrable during maximal exertion. Aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity was determined by spiroergometry after inhalation of salbutamol (S, 0.2 mg) alone or in combination with oxitropium bromide (O, 0.2 mg). The supplementary effect of oral theophylline (T, 15 mg/kg.day) was studied in 13 patients. In terms of maximal aerobic exercise tolerance the following improvements were noted: energy output (watts): S: + 6.3%; S and O: + 12.3% (P < 0.05); S, O and T: + 14.0% (P < 0.01). Oxygen uptake (ml/min): S: + 8.2% (P < 0.05); S and O: + 18.2% (P < 0.01); S, O and T: + 35.4% (P < 0.01). Maximum exercise capacity was not significantly improved, although maximum oxygen uptake was significantly increased by the two-drug combination by 16.9% (P < 0.05) and by the three-drug combination by 19.2% (P < 0.05). Maximum minute volume and tidal volume rose significantly, though respiratory rate was unchanged. Heart rate and blood pressure remained practically unaffected by the treatment, both at rest and during exertion. There was no evidence of significant aggravation of ventricular arrhythmias or of ischaemia during ergometric testing.
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PMID:[Physical exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive emphysematous bronchitis and coronary heart disease under antiobstructive therapy]. 142 60

Although the evidence for oxidative stress for air pollution in the human lung is fragmentary, the hypothesis that oxidative stress is an important, if not the sole, mechanism of toxicity of oxidizing air pollutants and tobacco smoke is compelling and growing. First, biochemical mechanisms have been worked out for oxidation of lung lipids by the gas phase of cigarette smoke, NO2 and O3. The oxidation of lung lipids can be prevented by both vitamins C and E. Vitamin C is more effective in preventing oxidation by NO2, and vitamin E is more effective against O3. Second, multiple species of experimental animals develop lung disease similar to human bronchitis and emphysema from exposure to NO2 and O3, respectively. The development of these diseases occurs over a near lifetime exposure when the levels of NO2 or O3 are at near ambient air pollution values. Third, isolated human cells are protected against oxidative damage from NO2 and O3 by both vitamins C and E. Fourth, the vitamin C level in the lung either declines on exposure to NO2 for short-term exposures or increases on chronic cigarette smoke exposure. The effects of cigarette smoking on serum vitamin C is apparently complex and may be related to the daily intake of vitamin C as well as smoking. Serum vitamin C levels may be poor indicators of lung demands when daily vitamin C intakes are above 100 mg/day. Fifth, vitamin C supplementation protects against the effects of ambient levels of air pollution in adults as measured by histamine challenge. An augmented response to histamine challenge may represent increased lung permeability brought about by air pollution. In experimental animal and human experiments, the amount of vitamin C or E that afforded protection was in excess of the current recommended dietary allowance. Although animal studies do not provide evidence for complete protection against NO2 or O3, they do illustrate that current recommended daily allowances are inadequate for maximum protection against air pollution levels to which over 100 million Americans are exposed. The problem of air pollution and its effects on humans is truly of global concern. Air pollution is not restricted to North America or Japan where it was first recognized, but is a major public health problem in Europe as well. When data are available, air pollution probably will be shown to be a major public health problem in all urban areas of the world.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of lung disease. 144 20

Respiratory symptoms, spirometry, and transfer factor were measured in 208 non-smoking Western Australian underground goldminers (mean age 32) to identify the presence of respiratory abnormalities resulting from underground work. These subjects were part of a larger group of 771 subjects attending for statutory periodic chest x ray examinations in the industry. They had worked underground for a median of three years. The prevalence odds ratios of bronchitis, dyspnoea, wheeze, and asthma all tended to be related to duration of underground employment, even after adjusting for age, those for wheeze and asthma reaching statistical significance. After adjusting for age and height the duration of employment also had a significant effect on TL/VA but not on FEV1, FVC, or TL. These changes are consistent with the presence of airway narrowing and non-specific lung fibrosis or emphysema in non-smoking underground goldminers.
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PMID:Respiratory disease in non-smoking Western Australian goldminers. 146 74

We describe verminous bronchitis and bronchiolitis in potoroid marsupials associated with a new species of Capillaria resident in the epithelial lining of bronchi and bronchioles. The parasites was associated with alveolar oedema and emphysema, and a mixed inflammatory cell exudate within and surrounding the airways.
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PMID:Verminous bronchitis and bronchiolitis in potoroid marsupials associated with a new Capillaria sp. 147 65

Relative survival up to December 31, 1986 was analyzed for all patients diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 2,509) and Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 1,469) within the Uppsala Region, Sweden 1965-1983. After 10 years survival was 96% of that expected for UC and CD. Patients with ulcerative proctitis, left-sided colitis, and pancolitis at diagnosis had relative survival rates of 98%, 96%, and 93% respectively. Survival did not differ by extent at diagnosis for patients with CD. After including prevalent cases, 684 deaths occurred compared with 481.1 expected deaths [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3-1.5]. Inflammatory bowel disease was the main reason for this excess mortality. Colorectal cancer increased mortality (50 deaths observed vs. 15.2 expected). Death from other cancers were not greater than expected. Obstructive respiratory diseases, especially bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma increased mortality SMR = 1.5 (95% CI = 1.1-2.2) in UC. Cerebrovascular disease mortality occurred less often than expected (SMR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.5-1.0). Mortality for other diseases and groups of diseases was close to that expected.
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PMID:Survival and causes of death in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. 149 45


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