Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Spontaneous transmural esophageal perforation is a rare condition with high morbidity and mortality. It is traditionally associated with alcohol abuse. Experience of the syndrome at a large medical center in Israel, a country where alcohol is not a national problem, is reviewed, and eight cases are described. The clinical picture was varied and confusing, only one patient presenting with the classic triad of vomiting, chest pain and subcutaneous emphysema, though abdominal pain occurred in six cases. The diagnosis consequently was delayed (average 2.8 days) in three patients and two died undiagnosed. Contrast studies, when performed, were diagnostic. Early rupture (less than 24 hours) was treated with primary repair (n = 3). Late rupture (greater than 24 hours) was successfully managed by drainage alone (without esophageal exclusion) in three cases, but required long hospital stay (mean 52 days). Five of the six patients diagnosed ante mortem survived. Late reconstructive procedures were not required. The key to successful outcome is awareness of the condition, with early diagnosis and aggressive surgical intervention--repair or drainage.
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PMID:Spontaneous transmural rupture of esophagus--Boerhaave's syndrome. 281 19

Out of 633 male patients aged 20 to 60 years (the mean age 37.1 +/- 8.2 years) with chronic alcoholism treated at hospital, pulmonary diseases (with the exception of tuberculosis) were revealed in 121 (19.3%), namely chronic bronchitis in 27 (4.3%), lung emphysema in 67 (10.7%), pneumosclerosis in 18 (2.9%), bronchial asthma in 9 (1.4%), which was 2-3 times as frequent as in the total population. The patients with associated alcoholism and pulmonary diseases differed but insignificantly from the total patients' population as regards the age, alcoholism standing, and patterns of alcohol abuse. The treatment consisted in combination of active antialcoholic therapy and specific therapy of pulmonary diseases. In prolonged alcoholism remissions, the pulmonary process was discovered to be stabilized and compensated for.
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PMID:[Clinical and therapeutic characteristics of respiratory diseases in chronic alcoholism]. 400 47

In 3 patients, 2 men aged 51 and 40 years and a 50-year-old woman, with liver-function disorders due to excessive consumption of alcohol, the liver function deteriorated rapidly resulting in the patients' death. All 3 were found to be heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin (AT) deficiency. Alpha1-AT deficiency can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and pulmonary emphysema. There are indications that heterozygous alpha1-AT deficiency can contribute to the development of a chronic liver disease, even when the serum level of alpha1-AT is within the normal range, especially in association with other risk factors such as alcohol abuse or chronic viral hepatitis. Persons with this mutation also have an increased risk for the development of cryptogenic cirrhosis and primary liver-cell carcinoma. Determination of the alpha1-AT phenotype should perhaps be recommended for all patients with a chronic liver disease, especially if the liver function deteriorates more rapidly than expected, even in the presence of a normal alpha1-AT serum level. A liver biopsy remains the gold standard for establishing the presence of alpha1-AT deposits in the liver.
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PMID:[Heterozygosity for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency as a cofactor in the development of chronic liver disease]. 1618 48

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is an uncommon benign disorder that usually occurs in young men. Because of its clinical features and physiopathologic mechanism, other, more serious disorders that could require urgent treatment, such as Boerhaave's syndrome or spontaneous esophageal rupture, must be ruled out. We report the case of a 19-year-old man with no relevant history, who presented mediastinal emphysema after an episode of repeated vomiting in the context of alcohol abuse. Imaging techniques help to assess esophageal involvement.
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PMID:[Spontaneous pneumomediastinum mimicking Boerhaave's syndrome]. 1719 9

Both HIV-1 infection and chronic alcohol abuse adversely affect lung health. For example, through multiple mechanisms, chronic alcohol abuse increases one's susceptibility to pneumonia, particularly pneumonia caused by certain serious pathogens. Similarly, pneumonia caused by opportunistic pathogens is very common in HIV-infected patients, at least in part because HIV-1 attacks the immune cells of the lungs and interferes with their functions. Alcohol abuse also increases the risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome, a serious acute lung condition; however, the association of this syndrome with HIV-1 infection remains unclear. Chronic lung conditions potentially caused or exacerbated by chronic alcohol abuse include asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis, although the findings to date are equivocal. However, growing evidence indicates that HIV-1 infection increases the risk of chronic pulmonary diseases such as emphysema, lung cancer, and excessive blood pressure in the vessels supplying the lung (i.e., pulmonary hypertension). Both alcohol abuse and HIV infection can impair lung function through various mechanisms, including increasing oxidative stress and enhancing antioxidant deficits, preventing full activation of the lung's immune cells, and contributing to zinc deficiency. However, the interactions between alcohol abuse and HIV-1 infection in contributing to the range of lung disorders have not been studied in detail.
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PMID:Focus on the lung. 2358 63

Background: The smoke generated from cannabis delivers biologically active cannabinoids and a number of combustion-derived toxins, both of which raise questions regarding the impact of cannabis smoking on lung function, airway inflammation and smoking-related lung disease.Objectives: Review the potential effects of cannabis smoking on respiratory symptoms, lung function, histologic/molecular alterations in the bronchial mucosa, smoking-related changes in alveolar macrophage function and the potential clinical impact of cannabis smoking on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and pulmonary infections.Methods: Focused literature review.Results: The carcinogens and respiratory toxins in cannabis and tobacco smoke are similar but the smoking topography for cannabis results in higher per-puff exposures to inhaled tar and gases. The frequency of chronic cough, sputum and wheeze and the presence of airway mucosal inflammation, goblet cell and vascular hyperplasia, metaplasia and cellular disorganization are similar between cannabis smokers and tobacco smokers. Cannabis smoke has modest airway bronchodilator properties but of unclear clinical significance. While clear evidence exists for progression to obstructive lung disease and emphysema in chronic tobacco smokers, the effects from habitual cannabis use are less clear. Evidence suggests that alveolar macrophages from cannabis smokers have deficits in cytokine production and antimicrobial activity not present in cells from tobacco smokers.Conclusions: Solid conclusions regarding the respiratory consequences of regular cannabis smoking are difficult to make due to a relative paucity of literature, confounding by concurrent tobacco smoking and reports of conflicting outcomes. Additional well-controlled clinical studies on the pulmonary consequences of habitual cannabis use are needed.
Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2019
PMID:Pulmonary effects of inhaled cannabis smoke. 3129 45

Emphysematous gastritis is a rare disease characterised by air in the wall of the stomach due to gas-forming microorganisms. This is a highly lethal entity for which only prompt diagnosis and treatment can avoid mortality. Different factors have been described that disrupt the integrity of the mucosa such as corrosive ingestion, alcohol abuse, recent abdominal surgery or cancer. We report a case of emphysematous gastritis in a 92-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Inflammatory markers were elevated and abdominal X-rays showed intramural gastric air, confirmed by CT scan. The patient received intravenous fluids, nutritional support and broad-spectrum antibiotic with resolution of gastric wall emphysema. However, the diagnosis of poorly cohesive gastric adenocarcinoma was made and the patient was referred to palliative care. This case highlights the importance of prompt recognition of this lethal entity that represents a rare and aggressive presentation of gastric cancer.
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PMID:Emphysematous gastritis associated with gastric cancer: a rare and fatal entity. 3179 61