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Query: UMLS:C0034067 (emphysema)
 11,506 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A premature infant with severe respiratory distress developed the clinical and radiologic signs of pneumoperitoneum. At operation, free intraperitoneal air without visceral perforation was found. This case is unique in that pneumothorax was never observed and that interstitial emphysema or ischemic gastrointestinal lesions were not present at autopsy. The patient, however, was on a positive pressure ventilator for some time because of hyaline membrane disease and early pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Reduced parenchymal compliance could predispose to alveolar rupture. Although there was no clinical or anatomic evidence to point to a source of the intraperitoneal air, an undetectable pulmonary rupture with prompt dissection into the peritoneal cavity is the most likely explanation for the pneumoperitoneum.
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PMID:Pneumoperitoneum without ruptured viscus in the neonate: a case report and review of the literature. 89 53

We report, a term newborn infant with congenital vocal cord paralysis and congenital viral myocarditis. In her five days of life she developed a pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, subcutaneous emphysema, and terminally a pneumothorax and systemic air embolus. This unusual case is used to develop a concept of the pathogenesis of extraventilatory air, and is also represented in diagrammatic form.
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PMID:Systemic gas embolus: a discussion of its pathogenesis in the neonate, with a review of the literature. 90 88

In patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema who have evidence of respiratory decompensation, often even a pneumothorax displacing 10% or less of the hemithorax may require catheter drainage as an adjunct to therapy. Three illustrative cases are presented.
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PMID:Pulmonary problems: small pneumothorax requiring catheter drainage. 93 68

The changing pattern of hyaline membrane disease and its iatrogenic complications during respiratory treatment are reviewed. The typical roentgenologic symptoms of pulmonary interstitial emphysema, pseudocyst, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumothorax, pneumopericardium, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary heamorrhage are described and illustrated. Their relevance for clinical management is discussed.
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PMID:[Hyaline membrane disease: pulmonary changes and complications during ventilatory assistance in preterm infants (authors transl)]. 97 1

Two cases of the Marfan syndrome presented with spontaneous pneumothorax. Both had chest radiographs showing bilateral bullae in the upper lung zones and pulmonary function tests consistent with mild emphysema. There were dereases in forced expiratory flow rates at low lung volumes, carbon monoxide transfer factor, and lung elastic recoil. It is suggested that pneumothorax and bullous emphysema in this syndrome are caused by a weakness in the pulmonary connective tissue framework.
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PMID:Fragile lung in the Marfan syndrome. 101 48

Sixt-two series of radiographs were analyzed. Interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (IPCP) was divided into six radiographic stages. A schematic description of these stages is given. The correlation between this scheme and the actual radiographs is illustrated with a series of nine antero-posterior and lateral radiographs from one infant. The patterns of the individual stages of the disease are then discussed with the aid of pulmonary radiographs of 12 infants and one 12-month-old child with dysgammaglobulinemia. From a prospective and retrospective analysis of these radiographs, we could delineate the development of the disease from the earliest radiologically recognizable lesions to resolution. The long incubation time of IPCP was established by a retograde analysis of several series of radiographs of proved cases; the time interval was determined between the earliest recognizable change and the full-blown picture of stage V, in which the interstitial infiltrative process may be accompained by various degrees of emphysema, edema (used synoymously with alveolar filling process), pneumothorax, and madiastinal emphysema. This scheme has proved its value during 20 years of radiographic diagnostic pactice with 30-35 annual consultations concerning IPCP; IT CORRELATES WELL WITH THE CLINICAL SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND THE RESPONSE TO THERAPY. Points of differential diagnostic importance concerning other interstitial infiltrative processes of the lungs are discussed for every stage of the disease.
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PMID:Roentgenologic diagnosis of interstitial plasma cell pneumonia in infancy. 108 63

Review of 158 patients with hyaline membrane disease was undertaken. The introduction of artificial ventilation with a positive end-expiratory pressure (IPPB and PEEP) has doubled the prevalence of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and interstitial emphysema from 20.7% to 39.7%). Continuous negative distending pressure during spontaneous ventilation (CNP) was associated with a prevalence of lung rupture similar to that occurring spontaneously (4.8%). No patient treated with CNP alone developed bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Patients treated with IPPB with PEEP had a marked decreased prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (17.2%) when compared to patients treated with IPPB alone (36.2%), probably related to the enhanced overdistension of relatively normal areas of the lung may be related to the increased prevalence of lung rupture seen during IPPB with PEEP.
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PMID:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and lung rupture in hyaline membrane disease: influence of continuous distending pressure. 108 42

Barotrauma has been used to describe several specific complications related to mechanical ventilation. These include tension lung cyst, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema. Pulmonary hyperinflation, another such complication, occurred in 6 patients, being fatal in 3. Two pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed. The simpler, and well-recognized, ball-valve airway obstruction allows inspiration of air delivered by the mechanical ventilator but prevents expiration. A more complex circumstance exists when pulmonary contusion or infiltration produces differential lung compliances. This allows extreme hyperinflation of areas of normal lung during attempts to ventilate abnormal lung of low compliance. This mechanism is particularly evident when positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used in an attempt to open collapsed ventilatory units. Functional complications of lung hyperinflation include decreased alveolar ventilation and compression effects on adjacent structures. Interference with and shifts of regional lung perfusion may worsen gas exchange. Proper treatment includes airway clearance by bronchoscopy, the judicious use of bronchodilators, the discontinuance of PEEP, and adjustments of mechanical ventilators to prevent high airway pressures.
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PMID:Pulmonary hyperinflation. A form of barotrauma during mechanical ventilation. 110 9

Pneumothorax developed in 4 patients as a complication of mechanical ventilation and the manifestations were different in each case. The first patient had had a previous pneumomediastinum with symptoms of chest pain and rise in blood pressure. The second became restless and "fought" the ventilator. The third had pneumothorax previously and developed tachycardia and arrhythmias, and the level of end-expiratory pressure in the manometer of the ventilator rose above the present level. In the fourth patient, subcutaneous and submucous emphysema were apparent before pneumothorax was diagnosed. Pneumothorax was diagnosed promptly in all these patients, permitting adequate management without additional complications.
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PMID:Diagnosis of pneumothorax complicating mechanical ventilation. 110 53

The authors applied controlled respiration in 112 cases of central nervous system diseases, polyneuropathies and myasthenia. During clinical observation or on autopsy in 30 cases complications were found in the form of subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema or pneumothorax, narrowing or chondromalacis of the trachea, granuloma formation, decubitus ulcers in the trachea with or without bleeding, and haemorrhagic-ulcerative tracheitis. In 7 cases (6.25%) these complications caused death. Factors leading to complications and their prevention are discussed.
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PMID:[Complications arising from the use of controlled respiration in patients with neurological diseases]. 115 67


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