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Query: UMLS:C0034065 (pulmonary embolism)
 14,979 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical assessment is a cornerstone of the recently validated diagnostic strategies for pulmonary embolism (PE). Although the diagnostic yield of individual symptoms, signs, and common laboratory tests is limited, the combination of these variables, either by empirical assessment or by a prediction rule, can be used to express a clinical probability of PE. The latter may serve as pretest probability to predict the probability of PE after further objective testing (posterior or post-test probability). Over the last few years, attempts have been made to develop structured prediction models for PE. In a Canadian multicenter prospective study, the clinical probability of PE was rated as low, intermediate, or high according to a model which included assessment of presenting symptoms and signs, risk factors, and presence or absence of an alternative diagnosis at least as likely as PE. The prevalence of PE in the low, intermediate, and high pretest probability categories was 3, 28, and 78%, respectively. This model relies heavily on the clinician's subjective judgement as to whether an alternative diagnosis is as likely as or more likely than PE, and, as such, it can be hardly standardized. Furthermore, the inherent complexity of the model may limit its applicability in daily clinical practice. Recently, a simple clinical score was developed to stratify outpatients with suspected PE into groups with low, intermediate, or high clinical probability. Logistic regression was used to predict parameters associated with PE. A score =/<4 identified patients with low probability of whom 10% had PE. The prevalence of PE in patients with intermediate (score 5-8) and high probability (score > or = 9) was 38 and 81%, respectively. As opposed to the Canadian model, this clinical score is standardized. The predictor variables identified in the model, however, were derived from a data base of emergency ward patients. This model may, therefore, not be valid in assessing the clinical probability of PE in inpatients. In the PISA-PED study, a clinical diagnostic algorithm was developed which rests on the identification of three relevant clinical symptoms and on their association with electrocardiographic and/or radiographic abnormalities specific for PE. Among patients who, according to the model, had been rated as having a high clinical probability, the prevalence of proven PE was 97%, while it was 3% in those with low probability. The prevalence of PE in patients with intermediate clinical probability was 41%. These results underscore the importance of incorporating the standardized reading of the electrocardiogram and of the chest radiograph into the clinical evaluation of patients with suspected PE. The interpretation of these laboratory data, however, requires experience. Future research is needed to develop standardized models, of varying degree of complexity, which may find application in different clinical settings to predict the probability of PE.
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PMID:Assessing the clinical probability of pulmonary embolism. 1189 65

Pulmonary scintigraphy constitutes an important step in the non invasive diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). This technique may be employed for the evaluation of the pulmonary perfusion alone, as in Italy and in the PISA-PED study, or else even for the evaluation of the pulmonary ventilation (as in Anglo-Saxon countries and in the PIOPED study). In the present study, the reasons which have prompted the ANMCO-SIC Commission for the Guidelines for The Prophylaxis, Diagnosis and Therapy of Pulmonary Thromboembolism to propose, for the diagnostic work-up of the patient with clinically suspected PE, the use of perfusion scintigraphy alone and of the classification criteria employed in the PISA-PED study instead of the more commonly utilized ventilatory-perfusion scintigraphy and of the criteria included in the PIOPED article, are discussed. Besides, the Commission's decision to consider PE as being present in case of agreement between the scintigraphic and clinical pictures, and to exclude this condition when the scintigraphic outcome is normal/almost normal regardless of the clinical probabilities, is also motivated.
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PMID:[Pulmonary scintigraphy in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism]. 1189 81

The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is challenging, and autoptic series have demonstrated that a high percentage of cases are not recognized ante-mortem. A number of predisposing factors, symptoms and signs associated with pulmonary embolism have been recognized, and should be used to raise the suspicion of the disease. These include immobilization, recent surgery, active cancer, previous thromboembolism, syncope, dyspnoea, chest pain, haemoptysis, signs of deep vein thrombosis, hypocarbic hypoxemia. Once pulmonary embolism is suspected, the clinical probability of the disease should be assessed; to this end, three clinical rules have been proposed and validated (the revised Geneva score, the Wells score and the PISA-PED score) while others await clinical validation. In case of low clinical probability, a negative a D-dimer test is sufficient to rule out the diagnosis, while if the clinical probability is high, or the D-dimer test is positive, further tests are necessary. Computer tomography angiography or perfusion lung scan are the imaging tests of choice, depending on local availability and experience. If the clinical probability and the results of the imaging test are concordant, a definitive diagnosis can be obtained; if the results are discordant, further testing is necessary. In particular, in the specific case of a small clot (i.e. segmental or subsegmental) incidentally recognized at a computer tomography obtained for other reasons in a patient without a clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism, an occurrence whose frequency is rapidly increasing in clinical practice, a final diagnosis cannot be made without further confirmatory testing.
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PMID:The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. 1971 34

To evaluate diagnostic value of the PISA-PED and PIOPED II criteria for lung scintigraphy and compare it with CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for the detection of pulmonary embolism (PE). Five hundred and forty-four consecutive patients with suspected PE were enrolled. All patients underwent lung ventilation/perfusion (V/P) scan, chest radiography, and CTPA. Two readers used the PIOPED II criteria, and 2 used the PISA-PED criteria for the interpretation of lung scintigraphy. CTPA scans were interpreted by two experienced radiologists. Lung scintigraphy and CTPA were categorized as PE present, absent or non-diagnostic. PE was present in 321 of 544 patients. Using PIOPED II criteria, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 85.1, 82.5, 88.1, and 78.4% respectively for V/P scan. Using PISA-PED criteria, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 86.0, 81.2, 86.8, and 80.1% respectively, and none was non-diagnostic. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 81.7, 93.4, 94.9, and 77.3%, respectively for CTPA. PISA-PED interpretation has similar diagnostic accuracy to PIOPED II interpretation, does not have non-diagnostic scan, with lower cost and radiation, thus should be considered as a choice for patients with suspected PE.
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PMID:Chinese multi-center study of lung scintigraphy and CT pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. 2222 71

The clinical evaluation in pulmonary embolism (PE) is the first instrument used by practitioners in the management of this potentially fatal pathology. The necessity of develop- ing certain valid and especially affordable practical instruments has led to the emergence of various clinical prediction models. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the main clinical scores, as a diagnostic or a prognostic tool, with their strengths and weaknesses. The PESI score, while relatively recent, remains the most investigated and validated prognostic score for the identification of the mortality risk and major adverse events, with economic implications of health services reduction costs through the accurate identification of patients with a low risk who are candidates of early hospital discharge. The simplified Geneva score (with a similar accuracy as the Geneva one) identifies a high or low PE probability, especially in combination with D-dimers, with a prognosis value as well. The Wells and simplified Wells scores identify the high or low probability, being improved by the level of D-dimers, having similar results with the Geneva score. The LR-PED score, conceived as an identification score for low risk, uses biochemical and electrocardiographic markers, but is less validated. The Vienna Prediction Model is another system for the evaluation of the recurrence in which the level of D-dimers is the main prediction factor. Other scores were evaluated with a statistically low significance. The Geneva and the PESI scores remain the most valuable instruments of diagnosis and clinical prognostic, respectively.
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PMID:The importance of clinical prediction models in non-fatal pulmonary embolism: an analysis of the best known clinical scores. 2558 50