Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0034065 (pulmonary embolism)
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In 1991, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Norplant manufactured in Finland for American use. It has had over 500,000 users in almost 50 nations. It is sold as a set of 6 capsules, each containing 36 mg of levonorgestrel, which are implanted subdermally no on the medial upper arm. An American cohort of Norplant users had the following annual Pearl pregnancy rates: (a) 355 women at 1 year, 0; (b) 283 women at 2 years, 2.1; (c) 191 women at 3 years, 3.1; (d) 69 women at 4 years, 0; and (e) 25 women at 5 years, 0. The cumulative continuation rates for 396 American Norplant users were 82% at 1 year, 65% at 2 years, 50% at 3 years, and 44% at 4 years. A 2nd American cohort and groups of Norplant users in Chile, Egypt, and Thailand had higher continuation rates. Among 110 former Norplant users in San Francisco, 61% planned to use it again. The user can conceive in just 1 month after Norplant removal Many women do experience alterations in menstrual patterns, including prolonged bleeding, spotting between periods, and very light or no bleeding. The ectopic pregnancy rate has been 0.28 per 1000 woman-years of Norplant use, an incidence lower than that of ectopic pregnancies in women not using family planning. Norplant is appropriate for many women who want continuous long-term contraception. Definite contraindications to Norplant include: (a) acute liver disease, including benign or malignant tumors; (b) jaundice; (c) undiagnosed vaginal bleeding; (d) a history of thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, or blood clots in the eyes; (e) a history of heart attack, chest pain as a symptom of diagnoses heart disease, or stroke (coronary artery or cerebrovascular disease); (f) possible pregnancy; (g) lactation until at least 6 weeks postpartum; (h) hemorrhagic disorder; (i) anticoagulation therapy; and (j) drugs such as rifampin, barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenylbutazone, and isoniazid, which may interact with the levonorgestrel in Norplant and decrease its effectiveness.
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PMID:Norplant: a welcome new contraceptive. 848 56

The Norplant contraceptive system consists of 6 silastic capsules 34 mm long by 2.4 mm in diameter each containing 36 mg of levonorgestrel. Norplant provides a constant daily dose of 30 mcg of levonorgestrel beginning 24 hours after insertion and lasting for 5 years. 3 contraceptive effects are provided: the cervical mucus becomes less permeable for sperm, the endometrium atrophies, and ovulation is inhibited in about 50% of cycles. The failure rate is lower than those of pills and IUDs. It is somewhat higher for women weighing over 70 kg than for those weighing less. The safety of Norplant is due to the absence of estrogen. It has no effect on blood pressure, and the risks of ectopic pregnancies or infection at the insertion site are minor. The principal side effect is disturbance of the menstrual cycle, which usually decreases after 3-6 months of use. Other minor effects should not cause termination of the method if the user has been forewarned. Women using Norplant should be followed regularly. Norplant is particularly indicated for women desiring longterm contraception or a very effective method for spacing, postpartum women, and women with contraindications to oral contraceptives and IUDs. Contraindications include pregnancy or suspicion of pregnancy, unexplained vaginal bleeding, liver or cardiovascular disorders, jaundice or pruritus during the last pregnancy, thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism, falciform anemia, and breast cancer. Studies are underway to verify that Norplant does not affect lactation. Norplant should be removed immediately if the woman develops migraine headaches or visual problems, signs of thrombophlebitis or hepatic disorders, increased blood pressure, or if she becomes pregnant or must undergo a surgical procedure requiring lengthy bed rest. Norplant should be inserted under scrupulously aseptic conditions during the 1st 7 cycle days under local anesthesia. Large studies in Egypt, Indonesia, Chile and elsewhere have confirmed Norplant's efficacy, lack of harmful lipid effects, and rapid return of fertility after treatment. A 3-year program of clinical trails of Norplant will be conducted in Rwanda with the financial assistance of the UN Fund for Population Activities and the technical assistance of the Population Council, after which Norplant may be added to methods available in all health facilities.
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PMID:[An implantable contraceptive: Norplant]. 1234 82